Main Index of Topics (click on one to go to that section)

What is MY Myers-Briggs Type? - Learn this second

What are MY Preferred Cognitive Processes? - Learn this third (more advanced)

Then go to:

Descriptions of the 16 Myers-Briggs Types

How Can The Myers-Briggs System Help Me?

Relationship Compatibility Between The Types

Index of Myers-Briggs Types (click on a type)
ISTJ	ISFJ	INFJ	INTJ
ISTP	ISFP	INFP	INTP
ESTP	ESFP	ENFP	ENTP
ESTJ	ESFJ	ENFJ	ENTJ

What is the Myers-Briggs System? [back to the top]

The Myers-Briggs system is a personality system developed by a mother and daughter team, Katharine Briggs and Isabel Myers, to help us better understand our innate personality differences. It is an adaptation of the psychological typology of the famous Swiss psychoanalyst Carl Jung. Everyone is one and only one of the 16 different Myers-Briggs personality types in this system. That is because it is based on brain functioning. Although I wholeheartedly agree that we DO grow and change over time (and Myers-Briggs theory supports this too), our fundamental Myers-Briggs type does NOT change. There are no "better than" or "worse than" types. Each type has natural strengths and weaknesses.

There are three terms that you will need to become familiar with in this system if you want to understand it better. They are: (1) Preference, (2) Type, and (3) Temperament. The system is based on the idea that people are born with preferences. The word preference simply refers to the ways in which we naturally "prefer" to do certain things.

PREFERENCES

Myers-Briggs lists four pairs of opposite preferences. For example, extraversion and introversion are opposite preferences. Within each pair, we favor one side over the other, and we tend to use that one most of the time because it comes more easily to us. The 4 pairs of opposite preferences are:

(1) Extraverting (E) versus Introverting (I)

Where we prefer to focus our attention and what energizes us

(2) Sensing (S) versus iNtuiting (N)

How we prefer to take in information

(3) Thinking (T) versus Feeling (F)

How we evaluate information and make decisions

(4) Judging (J) versus Perceiving (P)

What lifestyle we prefer

Click on List of Keywords for Each Preference if you want to understand what each of these preferences means.

TYPE

Within each pair of opposite preferences a person leans toward one or the other, as already mentioned. Taking one preference from each pair will form a 4 letter code that represents a person's Myers-Briggs type. I am an INFJ in the Myers-Briggs system because I have a preference for Introverting (I), iNtuiting (N), Feeling (F) and Judging (J). Notice that the capitalized word in each pair is the letter used in the code. E or I is always the first letter in the code, S or N is always the second, T or F is always the third, and J or P is always the fourth. All together there are 16 different types. In this system the combination of individual preferences is greater that the sum of its parts. The preferences interact in different ways and in varying degrees to make each person unique.

What is MY Myers-Briggs Type? [back to the top]

There are many different instruments for assessing human personality nowadays but the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is the most widely used psychological instrument in the world. If you haven't already done so, I strongly urge you to determine your Myers-Briggs Temperament before determining your Myers-Briggs type because knowing your temperament will help you to verify and understand your Myers-Briggs Type better.

As well as my own Myers-Briggs Type Test, the following Myers-Briggs Preference Questionnaire was created by Jonathan Niednagel (website: http://www.braintypes.com/) and appeared in the May, 1998 edition of Tennis magazine. It may further assist you in determining your type if you are not already clear.

THE MYERS-BRIGGS PREFERENCE QUESTIONNAIRE

Directions: This 20 question questionnaire is designed to help you see who you really are. Keep in mind that self-evaluating questionnaires cannot be considered foolproof. Even when test-takers answer as honestly as possible, there are numerous reasons why they often score contrary to their true type.

Taking this questionnaire is only one step in the process to determine your true Myers-Briggs type. Consider your questionnaire results with objectivity and caution. After taking the Myers-Briggs Preference Questionnaire look at Table 1 and Table 2 below to help you further determine your actual type. Then read descriptions of the different temperaments and types you think you might be.

In the following questions you must make one of two choices: a or b. Set aside some time for yourself without interruptions. Perhaps, in some cases, you will feel like choosing both a and b. Even if you agree with both answers, check the one with which you agree more.

To yield an accurate description of yourself, it is imperative that you answer the questionnaire honestly. Answer as you really are, not as the person you would like to be.

As much as possible, try to make choices outside the context of your job. In other words, questionnaire results can be altered if you interpret too many questions with your job in mind. The fact that we have certain job responsibilities and strong interests should not be used to cloud the results. Therefore, try to think of situations in which you are more free to be yourself.

There are no right or wrong answers. Just be honest with yourself as you read and make choices.

For each of the following 20 groupings of phrases and word pairs, choose the letter (a. or b.) that you think most accurately describes you. Record your answers on the score sheet directly below question 20 (notice that the questions on the score sheet run horizontally along the row before going down). Print out the score sheet by selecting it with your mouse and then choosing the "Selection" radio button in the print range to print; or simply copy it onto a piece of paper. See my example score sheet if you have questions.

1. a. expend energy, enjoy groups

b. conserve energy, enjoy one-on-one

2. a. interpret matters literally, rely on common sense

b. look for meaning and possibilities, rely on foresight

3. a. logical, thinking, questioning

b. empathetic, feeling, accommodating

4. a. organized, orderly

b. flexible, adaptable

5. a. more outgoing, think out loud

b. more reserved, think to yourself

6. a. practical, realistic, experiential

b. imaginative, innovative, theoretical

7. a. candid, straight forward, frank

b. tactful, kind, encouraging

8. a. plan, schedule

b. unplanned, spontaneous

9. a. seek many tasks, public activities, interaction with others

b. seek more private, solitary activities with quiet to concentrate

10. a. standard, usual, conventional

b. different, novel, unique

11. a. firm, tend to criticize, hold the line

b. gentle, tend to appreciate, conciliate

12. a. regulated, structured

b. easygoing, “live” and “let live”

13. a. external, communicative, express yourself

b. internal, reticent, keep to yourself

14. a. consider immediate issues, focus on the here-and-now

b. look to the future, global perspective, “big picture”

15. a. tough-minded, just

b. tender-hearted, merciful

16. a. preparation, plan ahead

b. go with the flow, adapt as you go

17. a. active, initiate

b. reflective, deliberate

18. a. facts, things, seeing “what is”

b. ideas, dreams, seeing “what could be,” philosophical

19. a. matter of fact, issue-oriented, principled

b. sensitive, people-oriented, compassionate

20. a. control, govern

b. latitude, freedom

Myers-Briggs Preference Questionnaire Score Sheet

	a.	b.		a.	b.		a.	b.		a.	b.
1.			2.			3.			4.
5.			6.			7.			8.
9.			10.			11.			12.
13.			14.			15.			16.
17.			18.			19.			20.
Total			Total			Total			Total
Total	E	I	Total	S	N	Total	T	F	Total	J	P

Example Myers-Briggs Preference Questionnaire Score Sheet

	a.	b.		a.	b.		a.	b.		a.	b.
1.	x		2.		x	3.	x		4.	x
5.	x		6.	x		7.	x		8.		x
9.	x		10.		x	11.	x		12.	x
13.	x		14.	x		15.		x	16.	x
17.		x	18.		x	19.	x		20.	x
Total	4	1	Total	2	3	Total	4	1	Total	4	1
Total	E	I	Total	S	N	Total	T	F	Total	J	P

This person scored as an ENTJ. Now he/she could look at the following two tables, read an ENTJ description and determine his/her temperament to further confirm or negate his/her type. If you score closely between two preferences, consider reading other type descriptions also. In the example above, this person should consider reading a description of ESTJ also since he/she scored so closely between S and N. Since an ENTJ is of the Knowledge Seeker (NT) Temperament and an ESTJ is of the Duty Seeker (SJ) Temperament, reading each of these temperament descriptions should make it clear whether he/she is an ENTJ or ESTJ.

Table 1 - List of Keywords for Each Preference (compare words in 1st column to words in 2nd column)

Extraverts (E) outgoing, gregarious, expansive many social relationships expressive, congenial public mixer, mingler at parties when studying, finds a place near other people lonely if alone often easily begins new relationships discusses everything with everyone loves to be in midst of things works ideas out with others' input talks enjoys being the center of attention the outer world objective reality = immediate environment easy to read seek interaction enjoy groups act or speak first, then think expend energy focus outwardly talkative like variety and action think out loud enjoy discussing	Introverts (I) reserved, attention on rich inner life a few deep, personal relationships reflective, quiet observer private one-on-one conversations when studying, finds a place where others won't intrude savors and seeks time alone gets to know people more slowly shares personal life with intimates loves to close his/her office door works ideas out internally listens resists being the center of attention the world of ideas subjective reality = ideas and understanding more difficult to read like to be alone enjoy one-on-one think first, then speak or act conserve energy focus inwardly quiet like to focus on one thing at a time think to themselves enjoy reflecting
Sensors (S) energy focused on what is actuality, reality focus on the present realistic, straightforward and practical pay attention to specifics facts, examples, evidence literal detailed information likes new ideas with practical applications interacts with events when they happen seeks enjoyment down-to-earth very aware of all sorts of sense impressions pleasure lovers, consumers often contented imitative seeks to possess dislikes sacrificing present pleasure for future goals turns living in the present into an art strong appreciation of comfort, luxury, beauty, pleasure refines existing skills are pragmatic trust their past experience tend to want things as they are	Intuitives (N) energy focused on what could be possibility, potential focus on the future conceptual, imaginative and inspired focus on the big picture insights, ideas, inferences, hunches figurative analogies, metaphors, abstract information a love for new ideas anticipation of future events seeks inspiration in the clouds especially aware of sense impressions that relate to ideas inventors, initiators often restless original seeks future expansion will sacrifice present pleasure to bring in new possibilities turns building for the future into an art strong appreciation of initiative, entrepreneurship learns new skills are speculative trust their imagination and hunches tend to want to try something new
Thinkers (T) objective, convinced by logic analytical logical, cool dissect clarify compare, emphasize explaining divide explore laws, rules, policy impersonal thoughtful truthful brief and businesslike achievement cultivate contrast, separate are firm-minded analyze the problem are direct value competence decide with their head value justice can be seen as insensitive are good at critiquing usually don't take things personally	Feelers (F) subjective, convinced by values caring, compassionate, tender passionate, warm care forgive appreciate understanding include caress extenuating circumstances personal sentimental tactful friendly, has difficulty remaining businesslike appreciation cherish, adore, nourish, sympathize include, relate are gentle-hearted sympathize with your problem are tactful value relationships decide with their heart value harmony, mercy can be seen as overemotional are good at appreciating usually take things personally
Judgers (J) comfortable after decisions made sets fixed goals and concentrate on achieving them decided, ordered, seek closure enjoys having projects framed by definite deadlines work now, enjoy if there is time planned structured loves to reach completion, finish projects goal-oriented, wants to get the job done prefers knowing what they're getting into ahead of time steady, sustained effort decisive protect themselves from unplanned experiences exacting make the right decisions, do the right thing as students, carry out an orderly, systematic study plan sometimes accused of being too rigid should be, must be, definitely, absolutely definite, clear-cut, final	Perceivers (P) comfortable leaving options open goals are more open-ended, subject to change flexible, curious, seek openness feels that deadlines should be adjustable enjoy now, work later spontaneous vague, indeterminate, amorphous, easy going loves to begin new projects process-oriented, how will the task be accomplished? very adaptable to changing situations on-and-off effort puts off decisions depend on their ability to handle unplanned experiences tolerant have as many experiences as possible, miss nothing as students, may put off studying until the last minute sometimes accused of being too indecisive could be, might be, perhaps, maybe tentative, experimental, exploratory, provisional

Table 2 - Further Descriptions of the Type Preferences

The Way You Get Energized Extraverting vs. Introverting	Extraverted Types (E) - The after thinkers. Cannot understand life until they have lived it. - Attitude relaxed and confident. They expect the waters to prove shallow, and plunge readily into new and untried experiences. - Minds outwardly directed, interest and attention following objective happenings, primarily those of the immediate environment. Their real world therefore is the outer world of people and things. - The civilizing genius, the people of action and practical achievement, who go from doing to considering back to doing. - Conduct in essential matters is always governed by objective conditions. - Spend themselves lavishly upon external claims and conditions which to them constitute life. - Understandable and accessible, often sociable, more at home in the world of people and things than in the world of ideas. - Expansive and less impassioned, they unload their emotions as they go along. - Typical weakness lies in a tendency toward intellectual superficiality, very conspicuous in extreme types. - Health and wholesomeness depend upon a reasonable development of balancing introversion. Examples Sigmund Freud Charles Darwin Theodore Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt	Introverted Types (I) - The fore thinkers. Cannot live life until they understand it. - Attitude reserved and questioning. They expect the waters to prove deep, and pause to take soundings in the new and untried. - Minds inwardly directed, frequently unaware of the objective environment, interest and attention being engrossed by inner events. Their real world therefore is the inner world of ideas and understanding. - The cultural genius, the people of ideas and abstract invention, who go from considering to doing and back to considering. - Conduct in essential matters is always governed by subjective values. - Defend themselves as far as possible against external claims and conditions in favor of the inner life. - Subtle and impenetrable, often taciturn and shy, more at home in the world of ideas than in the world of people and things. - Intense and passionate, they bottle up their emotions and guard them as high explosives. - Typical weakness lies in a tendency toward impracticality, very conspicuous in extreme types. - Health and wholesomeness depend upon a reasonable development of balancing extraversion. Examples Carl Jung Albert Einstein Abraham Lincoln Jimmy Carter
The Way You Gather and Access Information Sensing vs. Intuiting	Sensing Types (S) - Face life observantly, craving enjoyment. - Admit to consciousness every sense impression and are intensely aware of the external environment; they are observant at the expense of imagination. - Are by nature pleasure lovers and consumers, loving life as it is and having a great capacity for enjoyment; they are in general contented. - Desiring chiefly to possess and enjoy, and being very observant, they are imitative, wanting to have what other people have and to do what other people do, and are very dependent upon their physical surroundings. - Dislike intensely any and every occupation that requires the suppression of sensing, and are most reluctant to sacrifice present enjoyment to future gain or good. - Prefer the art of living in the present to the satisfactions of enterprise and achievement. - Contribute to the public welfare by their support of every form of enjoyment and recreation, and every variety of comfort, luxury, and beauty. - Are always in danger of being frivolous, unless balance is attained through development of a judging process.	Intuitive Types (N) - Face life expectantly, craving inspiration. - Admit fully to consciousness only the sense impressions related to the current inspiration; they are imaginative at the expense of observation. - Are by nature initiators, inventors, and promoters; having no taste for life as it is, and small capacity for living as it is, and small capacity for living in and enjoying the present, they are generally restless. - Desiring chiefly opportunities and possibilities, and being very imaginative, they are inventive and original, quite indifferent to what other people have and do, and are very independent of their physical surroundings. - Dislike intensely any and every occupation that necessitates sustained concentration on sensing, and are willing to sacrifice the present to a large extent since they neither live in it nor particularly enjoy it. - Prefer the joy of enterprise and achievement and pay little or no attention to the art of living in the present. - Contribute to the public welfare by their inventiveness, initiative, enterprise, and powers of inspired leadership in every direction of human interest. - Are always in danger of being fickle, changeable, and lacking in persistence, unless balance is attained through development of a judging process.
The Way You Evaluate and Make Decisions Thinking vs. Feeling	Thinking Types (T) - Value logic above sentiment. - Are usually impersonal, being interested in things more than in human relationships. - If forced to choose between truthfulness and tactfulness, will usually be truthful. - Are stronger in executive ability than in the social arts. - Are likely to question the conclusions of other people on principle -- believing them probably wrong. - Naturally brief and businesslike, they often seem to lack friendliness and sociability without knowing or intending it. - Are usually able to organize facts and ideas into a logical sequence that states the subject, makes the necessary points, comes to a conclusion, and stops there without repetition. - Suppress, undervalue, and ignore feeling that is incompatible with the thinking judgments. - Contribute to the welfare of society by the intellectual criticism of its habits, customs, and beliefs, by the exposure of wrongs, solution of problems, and the support of science and research for the enlargement of human knowledge and understanding. - Are found more often among men than women and when married to a feeling type, naturally become guardian of the spouse's neglected and unreliable thinking.	Feeling Types (F) - Value sentiment above logic. - Are usually personal, being interested in people more than in things. - If forced to choose between tactfulness and truthfulness, will usually be tactful. - Are stronger in the social arts than in executive ability. - Are likely to agree with those around them, thinking as other people think, believing them probably right. - Naturally friendly, whether sociable or not, they find it difficult to be brief and businesslike. - Usually find it hard to know where to start a statement or in what order to present what they have to say. May therefore ramble and repeat themselves, with more detail than a thinker wants or thinks necessary. - Suppress, undervalue, and ignore thinking that is offensive to the feeling judgments. - Contribute to the welfare of society by their loyal support of good works and those movements, generally regarded as good by the community, which they feel correctly about and so can serve effectively. - Are found more often among women than men and, when married to a thinking type, frequently become guardian of the spouse's neglected and harassed feelings.
The Way You Orient Your Lifestyle Judging vs. Perceiving	Judging Types (J) - Are more decisive than curious. - Live according to plans, standards, and customs not easily or lightly set aside, to which the situation of the moment must, if possible, be made to conform. - Make a very definite choice among life's possibilities, but may not appreciate or utilize unplanned, unexpected, and incidental happenings. - Being rational, they depend on reasoned judgments, their own or borrowed from someone else, to protect them from unnecessary undesirable experiences. - Like to have matters settled and decided as promptly as possible, so that they will know what is going to happen and can plan for it and be prepared for it. - Think or feel that they know what other people ought to do about almost everything, and are not averse to telling them. - Take real pleasure in getting something finished, out of the way, and off their minds. - Are inclined to regard the perceptive types as aimless drifters. - Aim to be right. - Are self-regimented, purposeful, and exacting.	Perceiving Types (P) - Are more curious than decisive. - Live according to the situation of the moment and adjust themselves easily to the accidental and the unexpected. - Are frequently masterful in their handling of the unplanned, unexpected, and incidental, but may not make an effective choice among life's possibilities. - Being empirical, they depend on their readiness for anything and everything to bring them a constant flow of new experience -- much more than they can digest or use. - Like to keep decisions open as long as possible before doing anything irrevocable, because they don't know nearly enough about it yet. - Know what other people are doing, and are interested to see how it comes out. - Take great pleasure in starting something new, until the newness wears off. - Are inclined to regard the judging types as only half alive. - Aim to miss nothing. - Are flexible, adaptable, and tolerant.

What are MY Preferred Cognitive Processes? [back to the top]

Brief Descriptions of the 8 Cognitive Processes

Name of Cognitive Process	The 4 Information Gathering Processes Descriptions of the innate gifts of each process	Myers-Briggs Types with this process dominant
extraverted Sensing (S_e)	Experiencing and noticing the physical world using the five senses - Experiencing - Doing - Observing and Responding - Adapting and Varying - Present oriented - Current perceptions vividly capturing attention - Paying attention to what stands out and is impactful (using the 5 senses) - Becoming aware of rich sensory details - Noticing what's happening right "now" as it changes - Scanning the current situation for relevant information - Energy going to more, new and preferably exciting sensory stimulation - Focusing on possibilities for immediate action - Talking about things to do, actions to take - Asking for specific details to perceive the pattern - Reading minimal nonverbal cues - Seeking aesthetic delight and pleasure in experiences - Attention turning outward to more sensory input - Living an experience in the moment	ESTP, ESFP
introverted Sensing (S_i)	Recalling past experiences and remembering detailed data - Recalling - Linking - Comparing and Contrasting - Noticing Match and Mismatch - Past oriented - Current perceptions eliciting stored impressions and memories in the brain - Paying attention to similarities and differences - Becoming aware of differences from what was - Noticing discrepancies - Scanning memory bank for related information - Energy staying with the recalled image - Focusing on past successes or failures - Talking about past experiences - Asking for history or prior experience - Reading lessons from the past - Seeking to avoid mistakes made before - Attention turning inward to images of past impressions - Re-living an experience in your mind	ISTJ, ISFJ
extraverted iNtuiting (N_e)	Inferring relationships, noticing threads of meaning, and scanning for what could be - Inferring - Hypothesizing - Seeing Potentials - Wondering and Brainstorming - Emergent oriented - Current perceptions sparking alternatives - Paying attention to relationships and connections - Becoming aware of patterns, implications, and meanings - Noticing meta-communications and what is not said - Scanning the current situation for what might be possible - Energy going to interactions to generate more possibilities - Focusing on multiple aspects of the whole context - Talking about possibilities, new ideas, meanings - Asking, "Have you thought about...?" - Reading the meanings of a situation - Seeking more possibilities, ideas, options - Attention turning outward to more relationships and meanings - Interpreting an experience	ENTP, ENFP
introverted iNtuiting (N_i)	Foreseeing implications, conceptualizing, and having images of the future or profound meaning - Foreseeing - Conceptualizing - Understanding Complex Patterns - Synthesizing and Symbolizing - Future oriented - Current perceptions sparking insights into complex situations - Paying attention to future implications - Becoming aware of universal meanings and symbols - Noticing whole patterns or systems - Scanning internal images for insights - Energy staying with the vision - Focusing on depth of understanding - Talking about the future and the meaning - Asking, "What is the goal?" - Reading the future and the potential in others - Seeking innovative ideas or universal symbols - Attention turning inward to images forming of the future - Imagining and anticipating an experience	INTJ, INFJ
	The 4 Information Evaluating Processes Descriptions of the innate gifts of each process
extraverted Thinking (T_e)	Organizing, segmenting, sorting, and applying logic and criteria - Being organized - Coordinating and Sequencing - Segmenting - Checking Against Criteria - Particular to What's Here & Now - Talking about the steps to get things done - Asking Socratic questions to clarify logic or make a point - Evaluating priorities in reaching a goal - Deciding about sequence, hierarchy, schedule - Determining the required resources to achieve a goal - Being guided by organizing principles and criteria - Convincing with logical arguments - Noticing the component parts and what's missing - Focusing on cause and effect - Looking for logic - Searching for efficient organization - Seeking to establish order and efficiency - Organizing an experience	ESTJ, ENTJ
introverted Thinking (T_i)	Analyzing, categorizing, and figuring out how something works - Principles - Categorizing and Classifying - Analyzing - Checking Consistency - Universal oriented - Talking about how things match a model or blueprint - Asking what is wrong, how something's not working - Evaluating accuracy and internal consistency - Deciding what kind of object something is - Determining the defining characteristics - Being guided by the reasons things work - Convincing with clear, precise definitions - Noticing inconsistencies and imprecision - Focusing on thorough analysis, seeing all the angles - Looking for concise, clear explanations - Searching for a "leverage point" to fix things - Seeking to solve problems - Analyzing and critiquing an experience	ISTP, INTP
extraverted Feeling (F_e)	Considering other people and responding to them - Being considerate - Adjusting and Accommodating - Affirming - Checking Appropriateness - Particular to What's Here & Now - Talking about personal details - Asking questions to find out what others need - Evaluating appropriateness - Deciding about what is friendly, nice, mean - Determining what others want - Being guided by creating harmony within any group - Convincing with self-disclosure and warmth - Noticing what's important to others - Focusing on consideration of others - Looking for unexpressed wants and needs of others - Searching for connection with and affirmation from others - Seeking to establish rapport and stay in touch with others - Relating through an experience	ESFJ, ENFJ
introverted Feeling (F_i)	Evaluating importance and maintaining congruence - Personal Values - Harmonizing and Clarifying - Reconciling - Checking Congruency - Universal oriented - Talking about likes, dislikes, and what's important - Asking, "Is it worth standing up for?" - Evaluating priorities according to values - Deciding about what is important - Determining the essence of what's important - Being guided by strong convictions - Convincing with rightness/wrongness or goodness/badness - Noticing incongruities and phoniness - Focusing on authenticity, living out values - Looking for intrinsic values, something worth believing in - Searching for people, ideas, or actions worth promoting - Seeking to establish loyalty and commitment - Valuing an experience	ISFP, INFP

Here is an example to illustrate how all eight cognitive functions are used in daily life.

A Trip To The Grocery Store To Prepare For A Dinner Party

You go to the grocery store in the morning with a clear Introverted Intuitive sense of the dinner you will serve, an internal picture of the party that guides your shopping. You draw on Extraverted Sensing to carefully observe the quality and freshness of the vegetables and fruits. Introverted Sensing provides you with accurate, stored information about the likes and dislikes of your guests. You notice some exotic fruits you have never seen before and Extraverted Intuition suddenly suggests buying them to add more variety and taste to the fruit bowl for dessert. However, Extraverted Feeling guides your decision not to buy them because you definitely want your guests to enjoy the fruit bowl and you don't know if everyone will like the exotic fruits. Introverted Feeling leads you to forego buying the Gala apples you wanted because they are not organic and you are totally committed to supporting organic farmers only. Extraverted Thinking enters as you assess the logical consequences of including mashed potatoes for dinner which require a time consuming and labor-intensive process of peeling, cutting, cooking and mashing. You draw on Introverted Thinking to mentally structure the rest of your day and consider how that will influence your dinner preparation.

From the Cognitive Processes Matrix below we can see that two of the information gathering processes involve Sensing (S_e, S_i) and two involve iNtuiting (N_e, N_i). Two of the evaluating processes involve Thinking (T_e, T_i), and two involve Feeling (F_e, F_i). Thus the eight cognitive processes. Keywords for each process are also included.

The Cognitive Processes Matrix

		e – Outer World Here and Now	i – Inner World Past, Future, Universal
Perception Ways of gathering information	S - Sensing	S_e– Extraverted Sensing - Experiencing - Doing - Observing and Responding - Adapting and Varying - Present oriented	S_i– Introverted Sensing - Recalling - Linking - Comparing and Contrasting - Noticing Match and Mismatch - Past oriented
Perception Ways of gathering information	N - iNtuiting	N_e – Extraverted iNtuiting - Inferring - Hypothesizing - Seeing Potentials - Wondering and Brainstorming - Emergent oriented	N_i – Introverted iNtuiting - Foreseeing - Conceptualizing - Understanding Complex Patterns - Synthesizing and Symbolizing - Future oriented
Judgment Ways of evaluating information	T - Thinking	T_e – Extraverted Thinking - Being organized - Coordinating and Sequencing - Segmenting - Checking Against Criteria - Particular to What's Here & Now	T_i – Introverted Thinking - Principles - Categorizing and Classifying - Analyzing - Checking Consistency - Universal oriented
Judgment Ways of evaluating information	F - Feeling	F_e – Extraverted Feeling - Being considerate - Adjusting and Accommodating - Affirming - Checking Appropriateness - Particular to What's Here & Now	F_i – Introverted Feeling - Values - Harmonizing and Clarifying - Reconciling - Checking Congruency - Universal oriented

Just like with handedness, each Myers-Briggs type has an innate preference for one of the four Perceptive processes (S_e, S_i, N_e, N_i) and one of the four Judging processes (T_e, T_i, F_e, F_i). In the table below, notice that if the dominant function is extraverted then the auxiliary function is introverted. In the table below, notice that if the dominant function is introverted then the auxiliary function is extraverted. I said earlier that a type's dominant function and auxiliary function provide the necessary balance between gathering information and evaluating it. Now you can see from the table below that the dominant function and auxiliary function provide the necessary balance between introversion and extraversion also.

The Dominant and Auxiliary Functions for Each Myers-Briggs Type

Myers-Briggs Type	Dominant Function	Auxiliary Function
ESTP	extraverted Sensing (S_e)	introverted Thinking (T_i)
ESFP	extraverted Sensing (S_e)	introverted Feeling (F_i)
ISTJ	introverted Sensing (S_i)	extraverted Thinking (T_e)
ISFJ	introverted Sensing (S_i)	extraverted Feeling (F_e)
ENTP	extraverted iNtuiting (N_e)	introverted Thinking (T_i)
ENFP	extraverted iNtuiting (N_e)	introverted Feeling (F_i)
INTJ	introverted iNtuiting (N_i)	extraverted Thinking (T_e)
INFJ	introverted iNtuiting (N_i)	extraverted Feeling (F_e)
ESTJ	extraverted Thinking (T_e)	introverted Sensing (S_i)
ENTJ	extraverted Thinking (T_e)	introverted iNtuiting (N_i)
ISTP	introverted Thinking (T_i)	extraverted Sensing (S_e)
INTP	introverted Thinking (T_i)	extraverted iNtuiting (N_e)
ESFJ	extraverted Feeling (F_e)	introverted Sensing (S_i)
ENFJ	extraverted Feeling (F_e)	introverted iNtuiting (N_i)
ISFP	introverted Feeling (F_i)	extraverted Sensing (S_e)
INFP	introverted Feeling (F_i)	extraverted iNtuiting (N_e)

Now that you have a basic understanding of the Myers-Briggs temperaments, the eight cognitive functions and know the dominant and auxiliary function for each Myers-Briggs type, you can describe each Myers-Briggs type in more depth by simply blending all of these meanings together! Example descriptions of each type follow.

Dominant extraverted Sensing
ESTP	ESFP
Their dominant extraverted Sensing leads ESTPs to quickly recognize the realities of the moment. The auxiliary introverted Thinking uses that data to arrive at expedient solutions. It is this combination that produces the resourceful, troubleshooting strength of the ESTP. However, at times they can become so involved in stimulating experiences and actions that they ignore their internal evaluating mechanism. They may then forget analysis, evaluation, and commitments in order to live in the moment.	Their dominant extraverted Sensing leads ESFPs to generate stimulating and fun activities for people around them. They plunge into action with enthusiasm, energizing people to work as a team. Their auxiliary introverted Feeling makes them responsive to the needs of others, guides their decisions, and creates a warm and caring style in their interactions. At times, however, new people and experiences so engage ESFPs dominant extraverted Sensing that they put aside their internal valuing process and ignore prior commitments.

Dominant introverted Sensing
ISTJ	ISFJ
Their auxiliary extraverted Thinking leads ISTJs to structure and organize their outer life, to rationalize their world along logical principles, to seek closure and clarity. When change is demanded, however, they can suddenly appear unreasonable, refusing to apply their thinking logic because their dominant introverted Sensing does not yet have enough data. In spite of their urge to fulfill responsibilities and organize systems, they will resist until their dominant Sensing has sufficient realistic, specific information. Once convinced, however, ISTJs can implement changes and take responsibility for them.	Their auxiliary extraverted Feeling leads ISFJs to express a gentle kindness toward others. ISFJs work devotedly to structure the environment to create harmony. Their dominant introverted Sensing contains complete details about people and directs their service to others into practical channels. However, if their inner store of sensing data includes information about how particular situations should be handled or what certain people need, ISFJs can suddenly become stubborn and reluctant to consider alternatives, insisting that they know how something should be done.

Dominant extraverted iNtuition
ENTP	ENFP
Their dominant extraverted Intuition leads ENTPs to quickly gain insight into the meanings and connections of what is going on around them. They use the logical principles of their auxiliary introverted Thinking to evaluate, prioritize, and implement these insights with resourcefulness. However, they can sometimes get so entranced by a new idea that they fail to apply their critiquing ability, which leads them to go from one exciting possibility to another without committing to and following through on any of them.	Their dominant extraverted Intuition provides ENFPs with unusual insight into exciting possibilities in the people and the world around them. They use their auxiliary introverted Feeling to evaluate these insights in terms of their values and, in combination with their Intuitive enthusiasm, to inspire others to implement these possibilities. At times, however, they get caught up in an intriguing new person or idea, suspending their judgment and their priorities. They may then overextend themselves and not give enough time and energy to the people and things important to them, or their inner commitments.

Dominant introverted iNtuition
INTJ	INFJ
Their auxiliary extraverted Thinking leads INTJs to structure their external lives to provide rational order. They use their Thinking to communicate ideas logically and clearly. Logic is not the final judge, however. If someone's analysis or ideas do not fit with the INTJs internal intuitive pattern and insights (their dominant introverted Intuition), INTJs will reject them, regardless of how clear and logical they seem to be. INTJs will then stubbornly cling to what they know is right.	Their auxiliary extraverted Feeling leads INFJs to focus on values and loyalty to others. INFJs work to structure environments to take account of the needs of others and provide ways for people to realize their goals. However, if something proposed by others does not fit with their inner vision (their dominant introverted Intuition) they will usually reject it forcefully, even when it is suggested by someone important to them and seems to others to exemplify INFJs values. They put intense effort into bringing the external world in line with their inner vision.

Dominant extraverted Thinking
ESTJ	ENTJ
Their dominant extraverted Thinking leads ESTJs to focus on developing and implementing plans that will achieve clear goals as efficiently as possible. They are assisted by their auxiliary introverted Sensing, which stores a wealth of practical information about how things operate in the real world. If the data get in the way of completing their tasks, however, they will put the data aside in favor of a structure that makes sense within their Thinking logic. ESTJs may then ignore new or contradictory information that challenges the external structures they have put into place.	Their dominant extraverted Thinking leads ENTJs to focus on creating logical systems in the world to achieve long-term goals. They are assisted in this by their auxiliary introverted Intuition, which leads them to explore ideas and possibilities and to notice interesting patterns. ENTJs love the stimulation of talking and debating ideas, gathering insights that they can apply to the real world. However, their drive to structure their external environment through logical analysis is so strong that they will find ingenious ways to bring perception into line with their logical system.

Dominant introverted Thinking
ISTP	INTP
Their auxiliary extraverted Sensing leads ISTPs to be observant and tolerant. Others find them egalitarian and easy-going. When they perceive that something is not logical and efficient, however, they may suddenly express their dominant introverted Thinking. Others then realize that the ISTP has been categorizing, analyzing, and critiquing what is going on. Their dominant Thinking will also sometimes lead them to choose and censor which sensing data they will notice and to organize the data to support their conclusions.	Their auxiliary extraverted Intuition leads INTPs to effectively take in information, process it, and communicate ideas. When an intuition about something important is not logical and reasonable within their internal systems, however, INTPs will generally discount their intuition and go with the logical analysis of their dominant introverted Thinking. These systems of understanding may also influence the information INTPs pay attention to and the way they take in new information.

Dominant extraverted Feeling
ESFJ	ENFJ
Their dominant extraverted Feeling leads ESFJs to focus on establishing cooperation and goodwill in their environment. They use their auxiliary introverted Sensing to solicit and store detailed information about people and to support others in practical ways. Though they have access to a wealth of specific information, no fact is as important to them as how others are feeling and whether their environment is harmonious. As a result, they can sometimes seem blind to unpleasant facts, especially regarding people close to them.	Their dominant extraverted Feeling leads ENFJs to design and implement ways for people to reach their full potential. They facilitate and encourage development and growth in others. ENFJs use their auxiliary introverted Intuition to "read" people and quickly assess the needs and possibilities of others. Their focus on cooperation, compatibility, and encouragement, however, can sometimes lead them to ignore signs of conflict and undesirable behavior of people close to them.

Dominant introverted Feeling
ISFP	INFP
Their auxiliary extraverted Sensing leads ISFPs to be finely attuned to their external environment, noticing people and the natural world around them. They are flexible, adaptable, and sympathetic. However, their most important quality is an internal core of values by which they evaluate everything. These values typically focus on supporting people and on practical care for the natural environment. If their core values are violated, they can firmly extravert this inner core, refusing to adapt or flexibly go along with actions they find wrong.	Their auxiliary extraverted Intuition leads them to be curious about people and ideas, excited about possibilities they see for improving the world. They love to explore new ways of understanding how human beings work. Inside, however, INFPs have a "filter" – a coherent value system through which they evaluate ideas, people, and actions. They commit themselves intensely to people and ideas they believe in and oppose anything that violates their values. INFPs focus on creating congruence between their inner values and outer lives.

Descriptions of the 16 Myers-Briggs Types

Index of Myers-Briggs Types (click on a type)
ISTJ	ISFJ	INFJ	INTJ
ISTP	ISFP	INFP	INTP
ESTP	ESFP	ENFP	ENTP
ESTJ	ESFJ	ENFJ	ENTJ

ISTJ

Introverted, Sensing, Thinking, Judging

Estimated to be between 7 and 10 percent of the American population

Temperament: Duty Seeker (SJ)

Dominant Function: Introverted Sensing (your greatest gift/talent)

Auxiliary Function: Extraverted Thinking (your supporting gift/talent)

Planner/ Inspector. Theme is planning and monitoring, ensuring predictable quality.

	Thorough, systematic, and careful.
	See discrepancies, omissions and pitfalls.
	Talents lie in administrating and regulating.
	Dependable, realistic, and sensible.
	Want to conserve the resources of the organization, group, family, or culture and persevere toward that goal.
	Thrive on planning ahead and being prepared.
	Like helping others through their roles as parent, supervisor, teammate, and community volunteer.

ISTJs are responsible, reliable, hardworking people whose word is their bond. Literal, precise, and no nonsense, they say what they mean and mean what they say. Led by dominant Introverted Sensing, ISTJs are especially attuned to the specifics and details of life. They are careful and accurate about facts, and plan and go about their work in a thoughtful, meticulous fashion. Extremely conscientious people, ISTJs have a strong work ethic and always choose to get their tasks done before they take the time to relax. ISTJs also have excellent memories for details, and can usually recall with impressive clarity seemingly unimportant events that occurred many years in the past. Quiet and serious, ISTJs are often happiest when they are left alone to work at their own pace, without interruption or unsolicited input from others. They know what they have to do and how to do it, and seldom need close, if any, supervision.

Even when they are relaxing, ISTJs are productive, and often enjoy using their hands to do crafts like woodworking, restoring antique cars, pottery, needlepoint, and so on. Many also enjoy reading and being a part of nature by hiking, fishing, or camping.

ISTJs are happiest and most productive doing things in familiar ways in familiar surroundings, and they can become uncomfortable and anxious when faced with a new challenge without being given proper guidance as to how it should be done. Because their least developed function is Extraverted Intuition, they are naturally distrustful of new, untested ways of doing things, especially those with which they have had no firsthand experience. Although they pride themselves on their efficiency, they can resist efforts to improve existing practices if they don't immediately see the practical benefit in doing so. And because they are not global thinkers who naturally think about the big picture and future implications, their skepticism can impede real and needed progress.

Logical and objective, ISTJs are impersonal decision makers, who may at times seem unsympathetic or uncaring. But they make decisions by weighing the pros and cons, and then decide based upon what makes the most sense, given the situation. They are not likely to be significantly influenced by how people will feel about, or be affected by, their decisions. And while they like to be helpful, they are usually comfortable making the tough calls, and don't become preoccupied with how they will be viewed by others. While appeals based solely on emotion may fall on deaf (or at least hard-of-hearing!) ears, ISTJs are eminently fair.

Usually possessing great powers of concentration, ISTJs are not easily diverted or distracted from the task at hand, which they approach in a systematic, step-by-step fashion. However, while their single-minded determination is one of their greatest assets, it can also make them stubborn and unyielding, and incapable of necessary flexibility when they are unexpectedly forced to change their plans or act spontaneously. Likewise, they are very conservative by nature, and are sometimes reluctant to take even reasonable risks. Usually, as they amass a great number of experiences, they become more willing to try new things.

How to get along with ISTJs

	Provide them with plenty of accurate facts and concrete documentation to support your position or idea.
	Stress the practical application of the idea and, if possible, specifically what it will accomplish, how it is to be implemented, where it has worked before, and with what results.
	Present your proposal in a sequential manner, one idea at a time. Lay out all the necessary steps and, if possible, provide a realistic schedule for accomplishing your goals.
	Give them plenty of time to think about ideas, especially new or unusual ones, before discussing them or expecting them to respond. When possible, submit all proposals in writing first, and be explicit about when you need to get their reaction or input.
	Don't ask them to brainstorm possibilities or to discuss things they haven't had adequate time to quietly and thoughtfully consider in advance.
	Simplify the message; boil it down to its basic components and try to avoid long, complicated, or tangential explanations.
	Make logic-based arguments, rather than personally based ones.

Tips for ISTJs

	Try not to overwhelm others with minute details; rather, attend to the overall meaning suggested by the details.
	Be open to possibilities and embrace change.
	Learn to negotiate and try to see things from other perspectives.
	Make it a rule to say "I love you" at least once a week.
	Avoid being overly cautious and rigid in your thinking. Be open to seeing that there isn't just one right way of doing things.
	Avoid having conversations that can only end in win-lose propositions.
	Do something impulsive now and then. Be spontaneous and goof off once in a while.
	Share your humorous thoughts more often.
	Pay attention to your own and others' emotions; develop the habit of putting words to the feelings you have.
	Listen for data about the needs and feelings of others.
	Make an extra effort to express appreciation to others, even for the small things they do.
	Take time for relaxation and play. Don't forget to use your allocated vacation time.

Hallmarks of an ISTJ

Diligent	Practical	Precise	Logical
Dependable	Dutiful	Sensible	Orderly
Steadfast	Thorough	Hardworking	Persevering
Factual	Systematic	Organized	Realistic
Reliable	Painstaking	Responsible	Judicious

ISFJ

Introverted, Sensing, Feeling, Judging

Estimated to be between 7 and 10 percent of the American population

Temperament: Duty Seeker (SJ)

Dominant Function: Introverted Sensing (your greatest gift/talent)

Auxiliary Function: Extraverted Feeling (your supporting gift/talent)

Protector/ Supporter. Theme is protecting and caretaking, making sure those in their charge are safe from harm.

	Talents lie in making sure everything is taken care of so others can succeed and accomplish their goals.
	Desiring to serve individual needs, often work long hours.
	Quietly friendly, respectful, unassuming.
	Thrive on serving quietly without fanfare.
	Devoted to doing whatever is necessary to ensure shelter and safety, warning about pitfalls and dangers and supporting along the way.

ISFJs have a strong need to belong, and the organizations or groups they choose are lucky to attract these thoughtful, hardworking, and devoted people. As dominant Introverted Sensors, ISFJs focus all their energy on the problem or issue that is before them at the moment. They are painstakingly accurate when working with facts, attentive to details, and methodical in applying both qualities in their work. ISFJs like gathering, analyzing, and applying data for some useful purpose, and documenting the results. They generally have excellent memories, and are especially good at remembering dates and events that pertain to people. Consequently, they often fill the role of unofficial family or office historian.

Quiet and reserved, ISFJs are loyal and devoted family members, friends, and coworkers who take their responsibilities toward others very seriously. Sensitive and sympathetic, they are good listeners, eager to help people in real and practical ways, which they do best by drawing on their own personal experience. Because ISFJs don't like confrontation and are uncomfortable when people are unhappy with them or people close to them, they usually try hard to accommodate others and to avoid arguments. They are also often reluctant supervisors or managers, who disdain disciplining or evaluating subordinates, and may suffer great anxiety if they have to fire someone.

Because ISFJs' least developed function is Extraverted Intuition, they may have difficulty imagining possibilities or scenarios that don't yet exist. In problem solving, they are much more comfortable applying knowledge gained through direct experience than trying a new approach. ISFJs are so rooted in the present, and so trust the lessons of the past, that when they look to the future and its many unknowns, it is often with apprehension and a sense of dread. ISFJs may also have trouble appreciating the interconnectedness of things, since they naturally pay attention to the specifics, rather than to the big picture.

Because ISFJs are such nice, accommodating, and generous people, they run the risk of being taken advantage of. In fact, they often have trouble asserting themselves, and most avoid potential confrontational situations whenever possible. While they are warm and helpful, ISFJs are also very private, and are comfortable sharing their personal thoughts and feelings with very few people. In fact, they may consider information disclosed about them to others without their permission a serious invasion of their privacy -- even if the disclosure involves information that is innocuous and not very personal. For relaxation, ISFJs often prefer activities that engage their senses, such as cooking, gardening, painting, or making things with their hands. While they may occasionally enjoy the company of a close friend or two, they are comfortable spending much of their time alone. ISFJs tend not to like surprises, and are most at ease when they are in familiar surroundings, enjoying, uninterrupted, the things they have planned to do. But when it comes to holidays or other special events, ISFJs will plan them carefully and thoughtfully, and then participate with great gusto!

How to get along with ISFJs

	Be specific; announce the topic you are addressing at the start of a conversation.
	Be explicit: let them know exactly what you expect and want, preferably providing detailed instructions as opposed to vague guidelines.
	Respect their privacy. Do not pry into their personal affairs or share information about them, even if it seems unimportant, without their permission.
	Be polite, considerate, and nice. If possible, keep your energy and voice level down, and don't interrupt them when they are speaking. Apologize quickly and sincerely if you hurt their feelings.
	Don't rush them. Give them plenty of time to consider ideas, especially new ones. If you ask their opinion, wait patiently for them to give it; don't finish their sentences for them.
	Honor all your commitments to them. Be vigilant about meeting deadlines, fulfilling promises, being on time for dates and appointments, and generally doing what you say you will do.

Tips for ISFJs

	Beware of rescuing irresponsible, needy people. Get help in ending inappropriate relationships and situations.
	Talk to yourself in nurturing and caring ways. Pat yourself on the back. Don't wait for someone else to tell you that you did well.
	Honor your need for time alone. Schedule time for fun and personally satisfying activities.
	Allow room for mistakes.
	Talk about your needs, desires, and problems with a trusted friend or counselor. Let others help you for a change.
	Take time to discover your direction, purpose, and goals. Make choices based on your inner values rather than on external authorities.
	Remember that there is no one right way to live. What counts is that you are satisfied.
	Beware of excessive worrying. Don't spend too much time focusing on worst-case scenarios.
	Avoid taking on extra work. Learn to say NO!
	Get mad once in a while if you need to. Unleash pent-up resentment through writing, talking, or hitting pillows. You may feel guilty but you may also find it refreshing.
	Do not underestimate yourself and your accomplishments. Talk about them.

Hallmarks of an ISFJ

Super Dependable	Traditional	Patient	Organized
Devoted	Responsible	Conscientious	Loyal
Practical	Service Minded	Meticulous	Protective
Realistic	Sensitive	Sympathetic	Friendly
Detailed	Persevering	Kind	Trustworthy

INFJ

Introverted, Intuitive, Feeling, Judging

Estimated to be between 1 and 2 percent of the American population

Temperament: Ideal Seeker (NF)

Dominant Function: Introverted Intuition (your greatest gift/talent)

Auxiliary Function: Extraverted Feeling (your supporting gift/talent)

Foreseer/Developer. The theme is foresight.

	Use their insights to deal with complexity in issues and people, often with a strong sense of "knowing" before others know themselves.
	Talents lie in developing and guiding people: trust their inspirations and visions, using them to help others.
	Thrive on helping others resolve deep personal and ethical dilemmas.
	Private and complex, they bring a quiet enthusiasm and industry to projects that are part of their vision.

Two words that best describe most INFJs are integrity and originality. Their dominant Introverted Intuition provides them with vision and creativity both of which they find great satisfaction using in the service of others. They are usually excellent listeners, patient and supportive. Extremely perceptive and empathetic, they are especially gifted at thinking up new and better ways to help people get their needs met, and are usually eager to provide whatever support is necessary.

Typically gentle, and soft-spoken, INFJs do not like to call attention to themselves, and often are content to work behind the scenes. Thoughtful, caring, and sensitive, INFJs will usually go the extra mile to maintain harmonious relationships. But they can also be fiercely independent -- willing to subject themselves to skepticism or criticism in order to make their vision, which is driven by their strong values, a reality. They are so honest and earnest, they exude integrity, which causes people to immediately trust and respect them. For this reason, they often make inspiring leaders.

Because INFJs' least developed function is Extraverted Sensing, they may fail to take into account realities that might prevent their ideas or vision from working on a practical level. Preferring to focus on the big picture, they sometimes miss essential details or choose to ignore important facts that are not congruent with their ideas. Because they believe so deeply in the correctness of their position, they can be judgmental and dismissive of competing views.

INFJ's single-mindedness can become a liability if they are not flexible enough to modify their plans once they have embarked on a course of action ....... much like a person driving down a highway making great time but who, unfortunately, turns out to be going in the wrong direction! INFJs' perfectionism can also result in a tendency to be stubborn and unyielding. They usually find sharing their vision with someone they trust helps them see the flaws and gain a more realistic perspective.

INFJs are decisive, organized, and great planners. Combined with their single-mindedness and sometimes fierce determination, they are often extremely productive. They like to set goals, and can work tirelessly to achieve them. But sometimes, in their haste to come to a conclusion, they run the risk of missing out on experiencing the process. And they can become so preoccupied with achieving the goal that they lack the ability to act spontaneously.

Since INFJs are run by their values and deeply held convictions, they tend to take things personally, and may have their feelings hurt when no hurt was intended. And, unfortunately, their sensitivity can cause them to become defensive and write off a person or an idea. They may need a gentle reminder from a friend not to take themselves so seriously that they lose the ability to enjoy some of life's lighter, yet most pleasurable, moments.

How to get along with INFJs

	Give them plenty of time to consider your idea or proposal in-depth before expecting feedback or discussion.
	Present the idea in terms of your vision -- the big picture, and how it may fit into their larger personal or organizational goals, rather than focusing on the specifics and details.
	Discuss the benefits it will have on people -- especially how it will positively affect them in the future as well as in the present.
	Especially with regard to problem solving, solicit their ideas, appeal to their creativity, and talk about possibilities.
	Be patient with what might be long, complicated explanations; don't hesitate to take your time carefully considering their proposals -- they like to do the same.
	If relevant, provide information regarding the timing of the implementation of the plan; be sure to meet all agreed-upon deadlines, and honor your commitments.

Tips for INFJs

	Respect your need for time alone to dream, fantasize, explore theories, read, and create.
	Share your ideas, visions, feelings, and inner richness with the people you are close to.
	Try to be direct in your communication. Don't silently withdraw as a way of setting limits; this can leave others feeling hurt and confused.
	Try to give affection when others need it, not only when you feel the inspiration.
	Be realistic about how much acceptance you can reasonably expect from others. Realize that rejection of your thoughts and ideas is not a rejection of you.
	Avoid overdosing on self-analysis. Express your feelings through writing, art, or talking. Then move on.
	See your moods as transitory. Know that they will change.
	Avoid wasting time over mundane details and routines just to be organized. Decide what is important and what to set aside.
	Refrain from trying to order and control life. Let the universe do its thing.
	Slow down the pace of life. Be aware of overextending yourself.
	Try to embrace the imperfection and mundanity of the world; accept things as they are, rather than trying to make everything over according to your ideal.
	Find friends who understand your insightful point of view and encourage you to be yourself.

Hallmarks of an INFJ

Committed	Compassionate	Intense	Determined
Sensitive	Holistic	Loyal	Creative
Deep Thinkers	Conceptual	Reserved	Idealistic
Insightful	Original	Humanitarian	Individualistic
Innovative	Perceptive	Enigmatic	Visionary

INTJ

Introverted, Intuitive, Thinking, Judging

Estimated to be between 1 and 2 percent of the American population

Temperament: Knowledge Seeker (NT)

Dominant Function: Introverted Intuition (your greatest gift/talent)

Auxiliary Function: Extraverted Thinking (your supporting gift/talent)

Conceptualizer/ Director. Theme is strategizing, envisioning, and masterminding.

	Talents lie in defining goals, creating detailed plans, and outlining contingencies.
	Devise strategy, give structure, establish complex plans to reach distant goals dictated by a strong vision of what is needed in the long run.
	Thrive on putting theories to work and are open to any and all ideas that can be integrated into the complex systems they seek to understand.
	Drive themselves hard to master what is needed to make progress toward goals.

INTJs are global thinkers with original minds. Their dominant Introverted Intuition enables them to clearly see connections, and to understand the long-range implications of current actions and events. Ingenious and innovative, INTJs have a unique talent for looking at almost anything and seeing how it can be improved. This is true of the smallest product or service or can involve envisioning how best to restructure and refine whole organizational systems. But, by far, their favorite subject for improvement is themselves. INTJs are on a constant quest to increase their knowledge and, by extension, their overall competence.

Creative and imaginative, INTJs are both intellectually curious and daring, even as they may be physically hesitant to try new things. Able to quickly grasp and analyze complex issues, INTJs are excellent strategic problem solvers, with highly developed critical thinking skills that allow them to perform incisive analyses. Constantly seeking new intellectual challenges, they set very high standards for themselves, and usually reach or exceed them.

However, because their least developed function is Extraverted Sensing, INTJs sometimes have difficulty operating in the real world. They tend to spend so much of their time and energy in the inner world of ideas and perceptions that they may be completely unaware of, or unconcerned with, the details of their physical surroundings. This can result in small consequences -- such as bumping into the furniture or wearing mismatched socks -- or large ones, such as failing to realistically assess the feasibility of a project because they are unaware of the cost of necessary resources. And sometimes, because they tend to be abstract and theoretical, they have trouble communicating clearly with people who are not as technically oriented, or being patient as they try to find common ground.

And because INTJs are most comfortable operating from an intellectual level, they are sometimes unaware of the emotional reactions or states of others. They may act in ways that are insensitive and neglectful of those close to them, and may need to be reminded to take time to appreciate and actively nurture those relationships. Perfectionists who set very high standards both for themselves and others, INTJs can be condescending and/or patronizing to those who fail to live up to their expectations, and parsimonious with their praise for those who do.

Given their powers of concentration, INTJs often prefer to work alone, or with a small group of equally competent colleagues. They are especially reticent to take the time and energy to explain themselves or their work to others they perceive to be less competent. Because they are so private, they are very difficult to get to know. They especially do not like to share their ideas or work until they feel it is perfect. Hard workers capable of persevering against great odds, INTJs have enviable focus and determination, and will not be deterred from reaching their goals. Their single-mindedness may come with a price, however, since it may result in their being stubborn and inflexible. And INTJs may have particular difficulty making transitions from one project to another. Usually, all it takes is an even more fascinating challenge to recapture their attention.

How to get along with INTJs

	Submit new ideas and/or proposals in writing, and give them plenty of time to think about them before discussing. Preview new experiences ahead of time.
	Place careful attention to the strategy necessary for implementing your ideas. Remember that INTJs place a very high value on competence.
	Don't expect effusive appreciation or lavish praise for a job well done. INTJs often consider both unnecessary, meaningless, and therefore, insulting.
	Resist the temptation to finish their sentences. Even if they seem to be rambling and you think you know where they are heading, it is far better to let them get there on their own.
	Remember to make your case based on logic -- not personal preferences or extenuating circumstances.
	Remember they are most concerned with the big picture and how the idea fits in with their larger mission.
	Don't take criticism personally.

Tips for INTJs

	Solicit input from others and be open to having your ideas challenged.
	Avoid being self-righteous and defensive. Don't reject others' views outright just because they are different from yours.
	Pay attention to physical symptoms of stress before they get to the crisis stage. Recognize your limitations and slow down your pace.
	Show appreciation to others based on merit, not just on your standards of perfection. Don't demand of others the same intensity you demand of yourself.
	If you want to improve your relationships with others, beware of being aloof, demanding, or insensitive with criticism.
	In a negative situation, be willing to take responsibility for your part.
	Learn to be flexible. Be willing to give in on less important points and details with others.
	Consider working for yourself. Many INTJ's are too independent to work for others or in the corporate world and are good at creating something new.
	Make time for artistic pursuits or creative hobbies that have no immediate purpose or application.
	Let go of trying to control everything in life.

Hallmarks of an INTJ

Independent	Intellectual	Systems Minded	Visionary
Demanding	Global	Logical	Original
Firm	Theoretical	Private	Autonomous
Insightful	Skeptical	Determined	Ingenious
Innovative	Perceptive	Self-confident	Organized

ISTP

Introverted, Sensing, Thinking, Perceiving

Estimated to be between 4 and 7 percent of the American population

Temperament: Action Seeker (SP)

Dominant Function: Introverted Thinking (your greatest gift/talent)

Auxiliary Function: Extraverted Sensing (your supporting gift/talent)

Analyzer/ Operator. Theme is action-driven problem solving.

	Talents lie in operating all kinds of tools and instruments and using frameworks for solving problems.
	Keen observers of the environment, they are a storehouse of data and facts relevant to analyzing and solving problems.
	Thrive on challenging situations and having the freedom to craft clever solutions and do whatever it takes to fix things and make them work.
	Take pride in their skill and virtuosity, which they seem to effortlessly acquire.

Independent, self-contained, and often aloof, ISTPs are the ultimate pragmatists. They are supremely cool and objective about all things, even-tempered and unflappable. In times of crisis or high anxiety, they are able to focus on the demands of the moment and apply their dominant Introverted Thinking to solving problems with skill and dispatch. They are at their best responding to challenges that arise spontaneously, preferring to get busy and skip a lot of discussion or preplanning. Once they "put out the fire," they have little energy for the follow through and little need to reap praise.

Resourceful and adaptable, ISTPs seem to possess an innate understanding of how anything works -- from toasters to computers. They are especially effective when they combine their keen powers of observation with their talent for logical analysis to solve problems. But since people rarely act with the same logical predictability that things do, ISTPs are generally less skilled or effective dealing with interpersonal conflicts. The inherent inconsistency and irrationality of human beings is both so confusing and frustrating to ISTPs that they will frequently just walk away from a personal conflict rather than be left feeling helpless and inept. Very private about personal matters, they rarely share their innermost feelings or fears, even with people they know well and trust.

Realistic and extremely practical, ISTPs are people of action and self-direction. They like to work alone or alongside other skilled and capable people, figuring things out for themselves without outside help or input. Although they seek fun and action in both their work and personal lives, ISTPs really feel the most alive when they are doing something independent, risky, or even dangerous. So strong is the allure of the adrenaline rush that they often seek occupations which place them in harm's way. And even those ISTPs whose jobs involve great risk, such as firefighters, police officers, or pilots, often seek additional thrills in their choice of recreational activities by racing cars, riding motorcycles, or skiing expert slopes.

Direct, honest, and down-to-earth, ISTPs tend to be literal and explicit and find pretentious

How to get along with ISTPs

	Respect their privacy, give them plenty of space, and don't push yourself on them; avoid attempting intimacy unless they initiate or clearly desire it.
	Be pragmatic; make sure suggestions or requests are well thought out, realistic, practical, and workable.
	Appeal to their need for action; whenever possible, take advantage of their ability to stay calm, think clearly, and respond quickly in a crisis or emergency.
	Try not to overschedule their time or limit their ability to act spontaneously by imposing too many rules or too much structure. Be explicit about the requirements you need or responsibilities you expect them to fulfill.
	Avoid making appeals based on emotion; rather, make sure there is a logical rationale for suggestions and proposals.
	Listen carefully when they do share personal information. Most ISTPs will say something only once, and if you miss it, they may still assume you heard them and not repeat it.

Tips for ISTPs

	Take a break from immediate results by thinking about long-range goals and what you want for the future.
	Learn to consider that another's point of view has possibilities that you haven't thought of.
	Realize that people do things differently and that there are many ways of structuring life. Expand beyond black-and-white thinking.
	Mention points where you agree with another person before bringing up the places where you disagree.
	Point out the good things about others, not just the things to correct. When due, give an appreciative word of praise.
	Act on you affectionate impulses once in a while, letting others know they are important to you.
	Make time for your significant relationships.
	Learn ways to express your feelings and to achieve greater openness in communication. Share your insights more openly.

Hallmarks of an ISTP

Logical	Expedient	Practical	Realistic
Factual	Analytical	Applied	Independent
Adventurous	Spontaneous	Adaptable