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What is the Myers-Briggs System? [back to the top]
The Myers-Briggs system is a personality system developed by a mother and daughter team, Katharine Briggs and Isabel Myers, to help us better understand our innate personality differences. It is an adaptation of the psychological typology of the famous Swiss psychoanalyst Carl Jung. Everyone is one and only one of the 16 different Myers-Briggs personality types in this system. That is because it is based on brain functioning. Although I wholeheartedly agree that we DO grow and change over time (and Myers-Briggs theory supports this too), our fundamental Myers-Briggs type does NOT change. There are no "better than" or "worse than" types. Each type has natural strengths and weaknesses.
There are three terms that you will need to become familiar with in this system if you want to understand it better. They are: (1) Preference, (2) Type, and (3) Temperament. The system is based on the idea that people are born with preferences. The word preference simply refers to the ways in which we naturally "prefer" to do certain things.
PREFERENCES
Myers-Briggs lists four pairs of opposite preferences. For example, extraversion and introversion are opposite preferences. Within each pair, we favor one side over the other, and we tend to use that one most of the time because it comes more easily to us. The 4 pairs of opposite preferences are:
(1) Extraverting (E) versus Introverting (I) Where we prefer to focus our attention and what energizes us (2) Sensing (S) versus iNtuiting (N) How we prefer to take in information (3) Thinking (T) versus Feeling (F) How we evaluate information and make decisions (4) Judging (J) versus Perceiving (P) What lifestyle we prefer
Click on List of Keywords for Each Preference if you want to understand what each of these preferences means.
TYPE
Within each pair of opposite preferences a person leans toward one or the other, as already mentioned. Taking one preference from each pair will form a 4 letter code that represents a person's Myers-Briggs type. I am an INFJ in the Myers-Briggs system because I have a preference for Introverting (I), iNtuiting (N), Feeling (F) and Judging (J). Notice that the capitalized word in each pair is the letter used in the code. E or I is always the first letter in the code, S or N is always the second, T or F is always the third, and J or P is always the fourth. All together there are 16 different types. In this system the combination of individual preferences is greater that the sum of its parts. The preferences interact in different ways and in varying degrees to make each person unique.
What is MY Myers-Briggs Type? [back to the top]
There are many different instruments for assessing human personality nowadays but the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is the most widely used psychological instrument in the world. If you haven't already done so, I strongly urge you to determine your Myers-Briggs Temperament before determining your Myers-Briggs type because knowing your temperament will help you to verify and understand your Myers-Briggs Type better.
As well as my own Myers-Briggs Type Test, the following Myers-Briggs Preference Questionnaire was created by Jonathan Niednagel (website: https://www.braintypes.com/) and appeared in the May, 1998 edition of Tennis magazine. It may further assist you in determining your type if you are not already clear.
THE MYERS-BRIGGS PREFERENCE QUESTIONNAIRE
Directions: This 20 question questionnaire is designed to help you see who you really are. Keep in mind that self-evaluating questionnaires cannot be considered foolproof. Even when test-takers answer as honestly as possible, there are numerous reasons why they often score contrary to their true type.
Taking this questionnaire is only one step in the process to determine your true Myers-Briggs type. Consider your questionnaire results with objectivity and caution. After taking the Myers-Briggs Preference Questionnaire look at Table 1 and Table 2 below to help you further determine your actual type. Then read descriptions of the different temperaments and types you think you might be.
In the following questions you must make one of two choices: a or b. Set aside some time for yourself without interruptions. Perhaps, in some cases, you will feel like choosing both a and b. Even if you agree with both answers, check the one with which you agree more.
To yield an accurate description of yourself, it is imperative that you answer the questionnaire honestly. Answer as you really are, not as the person you would like to be.
As much as possible, try to make choices outside the context of your job. In other words, questionnaire results can be altered if you interpret too many questions with your job in mind. The fact that we have certain job responsibilities and strong interests should not be used to cloud the results. Therefore, try to think of situations in which you are more free to be yourself.
There are no right or wrong answers. Just be honest with yourself as you read and make choices. For each of the following 20 groupings of phrases and word pairs, choose the letter (a. or b.) that you think most accurately describes you. Record your answers on the score sheet directly below question 20 (notice that the questions on the score sheet run horizontally along the row before going down). Print out the score sheet by selecting it with your mouse and then choosing the "Selection" radio button in the print range to print; or simply copy it onto a piece of paper. See my example score sheet if you have questions. 1. a. expend energy, enjoy groups
b. conserve
energy, enjoy one-on-one 2.
a. interpret matters literally, rely on common sense
b.
look for meaning and possibilities, rely on foresight 3.
a. logical, thinking, questioning
b.
empathetic, feeling, accommodating 4.
a. organized, orderly
b.
flexible, adaptable 5.
a. more outgoing, think out loud
b. more reserved, think to yourself 6.
a. practical, realistic, experiential
b.
imaginative, innovative, theoretical 7.
a. candid, straight forward, frank
b.
tactful, kind, encouraging 8. a. plan, schedule
b. unplanned, spontaneous 9.
a. seek many tasks, public activities, interaction with
b.
seek more private, solitary activities with quiet to
concentrate 10.
a. standard, usual, conventional
b.
different, novel, unique 11.
a. firm, tend to criticize, hold the line
b. gentle, tend to appreciate, conciliate
12.
a. regulated, structured
b. easygoing, “live” and “let live” 13.
a. external, communicative, express yourself
b. internal, reticent, keep to yourself 14.
a. consider immediate issues, focus on the
b. look to the future, global perspective, “big picture” 15. a. tough-minded, just
b.
tender-hearted, merciful 16.
a. preparation, plan ahead
b. go with the flow, adapt as you go 17.
a. active, initiate
b. reflective, deliberate
18.
a. facts, things, seeing “what is”
b. ideas, dreams, seeing “what could be,” 19.
a. matter of fact, issue-oriented, principled
b. sensitive, people-oriented, compassionate 20.
a. control, govern
b. latitude, freedom
Myers-Briggs Preference Questionnaire Score Sheet
Example Myers-Briggs Preference Questionnaire Score Sheet
This person scored as an ENTJ. Now he/she could look at the following two tables, read an ENTJ description and determine his/her temperament to further confirm or negate his/her type. If you score closely between two preferences, consider reading other type descriptions also. In the example above, this person should consider reading a description of ESTJ also since he/she scored so closely between S and N. Since an ENTJ is of the Knowledge Seeker (NT) Temperament and an ESTJ is of the Duty Seeker (SJ) Temperament, reading each of these temperament descriptions should make it clear whether he/she is an ENTJ or ESTJ.
Table 1 - List of Keywords for Each Preference (compare words in 1st column to words in 2nd column)
Table 2 - Further Descriptions of the Type Preferences
What are MY Preferred Cognitive Processes? [back to the top]
Brief
Descriptions of the 8 Cognitive Processes
Here is an example to illustrate how
all eight cognitive functions are used in daily life. A
Trip To The Grocery Store To Prepare For A Dinner Party You go to the grocery store in the
morning with a clear Introverted
Intuitive sense of the dinner you will serve, an internal picture of the
party that guides your shopping. You draw on Extraverted
Sensing to carefully observe the quality and freshness of the vegetables and
fruits. Introverted
Sensing provides you with accurate, stored information about the likes and
dislikes of your guests. You notice some exotic fruits you have never seen
before and Extraverted
Intuition suddenly suggests buying them to add more variety and taste to the
fruit bowl for dessert. However, Extraverted
Feeling guides your decision not to buy them because you definitely want
your guests to enjoy the fruit bowl and you don't know if everyone will like the
exotic fruits. Introverted
Feeling leads you to forego buying the Gala apples you wanted because they
are not organic and you are totally committed to supporting organic farmers
only. Extraverted
Thinking enters as you assess the logical consequences of including mashed
potatoes for dinner which require a time consuming and labor-intensive process
of peeling, cutting, cooking and mashing. You draw on Introverted
Thinking to mentally structure the rest of your day and consider how that
will influence your dinner preparation. From the Cognitive Processes Matrix
below we can see that two of the information gathering processes involve Sensing
(Se, Si) and two involve iNtuiting (Ne, Ni).
Two of the evaluating processes involve Thinking (Te, Ti),
and two involve Feeling (Fe, Fi). Thus the eight
cognitive processes. Keywords for each process are also included. The
Cognitive Processes Matrix
Just
like with handedness, each Myers-Briggs type has an innate preference for one of
the four Perceptive processes (Se, Si, Ne, Ni)
and one of the four Judging processes (Te, Ti, Fe,
Fi). In the table below, notice that if the dominant function
is extraverted then the auxiliary function is introverted. In the table
below, notice that if the dominant function is introverted then the auxiliary
function is extraverted. I said earlier that a type's dominant function
and auxiliary function provide the necessary balance between gathering
information and evaluating it. Now you can see from the table below that
the dominant function and auxiliary function provide the necessary balance
between introversion and extraversion also. The
Dominant and Auxiliary Functions for Each Myers-Briggs Type
Now
that you have a basic understanding of the Myers-Briggs temperaments, the eight
cognitive functions and know the dominant and auxiliary function for each
Myers-Briggs type, you can describe each Myers-Briggs type in more depth by
simply blending all of these meanings together! Example descriptions of
each type follow.
Descriptions of the 16 Myers-Briggs Types
Introverted,
Sensing, Thinking, Judging Estimated
to be between 7 and 10 percent of the American population Temperament:
Duty Seeker (SJ) Dominant Function:
Introverted
Sensing (your greatest gift/talent) Auxiliary Function:
Extraverted
Thinking (your supporting gift/talent) Planner/ Inspector. Theme is planning and monitoring, ensuring predictable quality.
ISTJs are responsible,
reliable, hardworking people whose word is their bond. Literal, precise,
and no nonsense, they say what they mean and mean what they say. Led by
dominant Introverted
Sensing, ISTJs are especially attuned to the specifics and details of life.
They are careful and accurate about facts, and plan and go about their work in a
thoughtful, meticulous fashion. Extremely conscientious people, ISTJs have
a strong work ethic and always choose to get their tasks done before they take
the time to relax. ISTJs also have excellent memories for details, and can
usually recall with impressive clarity seemingly unimportant events that
occurred many years in the past. Quiet and serious, ISTJs are often
happiest when they are left alone to work at their own pace, without
interruption or unsolicited input from others. They know what they have to
do and how to do it, and seldom need close, if any, supervision. Even when they are
relaxing, ISTJs are productive, and often enjoy using their hands to do crafts
like woodworking, restoring antique cars, pottery, needlepoint, and so on.
Many also enjoy reading and being a part of nature by hiking, fishing, or
camping. ISTJs are happiest and
most productive doing things in familiar ways in familiar surroundings, and they
can become uncomfortable and anxious when faced with a new challenge without
being given proper guidance as to how it should be done. Because their
least developed function is Extraverted
Intuition, they are naturally distrustful of new, untested ways of doing
things, especially those with which they have had no firsthand experience.
Although they pride themselves on their efficiency, they can resist efforts to
improve existing practices if they don't immediately see the practical benefit
in doing so. And because they are not global thinkers who naturally think
about the big picture and future implications, their skepticism can impede real
and needed progress. Logical and objective,
ISTJs are impersonal decision makers, who may at times seem unsympathetic or
uncaring. But they make decisions by weighing the pros and cons, and then
decide based upon what makes the most sense, given the situation. They are
not likely to be significantly influenced by how people will feel about, or be
affected by, their decisions. And while they like to be helpful, they are
usually comfortable making the tough calls, and don't become preoccupied with
how they will be viewed by others. While appeals based solely on emotion
may fall on deaf (or at least hard-of-hearing!) ears, ISTJs are eminently fair. Usually possessing great powers of concentration,
ISTJs are not easily diverted or distracted from the task at hand, which they
approach in a systematic, step-by-step fashion. However, while their
single-minded determination is one of their greatest assets, it can also make
them stubborn and unyielding, and incapable of necessary flexibility when they
are unexpectedly forced to change their plans or act spontaneously.
Likewise, they are very conservative by nature, and are sometimes reluctant to
take even reasonable risks. Usually, as they amass a great number of
experiences, they become more willing to try new things.
How
to get along with ISTJs
Tips
for ISTJs
Hallmarks
of an ISTJ
Introverted,
Sensing, Feeling, Judging Estimated
to be between 7 and 10 percent of the American population Temperament:
Duty Seeker (SJ) Dominant Function:
Introverted
Sensing (your greatest gift/talent) Auxiliary Function:
Extraverted Feeling
(your supporting gift/talent) Protector/ Supporter. Theme is protecting and caretaking, making sure those in their charge are safe from harm.
Quiet and reserved,
ISFJs are loyal and devoted
family
members, friends, and coworkers who take their responsibilities toward others
very seriously. Sensitive and sympathetic, they are good listeners, eager
to help people in real and practical ways, which they do best by drawing on
their own personal experience. Because ISFJs don't like confrontation and
are uncomfortable when people are unhappy with them or people close to them,
they usually try hard to accommodate others and to avoid arguments. They
are also often reluctant supervisors or managers, who disdain disciplining or
evaluating subordinates, and may suffer great anxiety if they have to fire
someone. Because ISFJs' least
developed function is Extraverted
Intuition, they may have difficulty imagining possibilities or scenarios
that don't yet exist. In problem solving, they are much more comfortable
applying knowledge gained through direct experience than trying a new approach.
ISFJs are so rooted in the present, and so trust the lessons of the past, that
when they look to the future and its many unknowns, it is often with
apprehension and a sense of dread. ISFJs may also have trouble
appreciating the interconnectedness of things, since they naturally pay
attention to the specifics, rather than to the big picture. Because ISFJs are such
nice, accommodating, and generous people, they run the risk of being taken
advantage of. In fact, they often have trouble asserting themselves, and
most avoid potential confrontational situations whenever possible. While
they are warm and helpful, ISFJs are also very private, and are comfortable
sharing their personal thoughts and feelings with very few people. In
fact, they may consider information disclosed about them to others without their
permission a serious
invasion
of their privacy -- even if the disclosure involves information that is
innocuous and not very personal. For relaxation, ISFJs often prefer
activities that engage their senses, such as cooking, gardening, painting, or
making things with their hands. While they may occasionally enjoy the
company of a close friend or two, they are comfortable spending much of their
time alone. ISFJs tend not to like surprises, and are most at ease when
they are in familiar surroundings, enjoying, uninterrupted, the things they have
planned to do. But when it comes to holidays or other special events,
ISFJs will plan them carefully and thoughtfully, and then participate with great
gusto! How
to get along with ISFJs
Tips
for ISFJs
Hallmarks
of an ISFJ
Introverted,
Intuitive, Feeling, Judging Estimated
to be between 1 and 2 percent of the American population Temperament:
Ideal Seeker (NF) Dominant Function:
Introverted
Intuition (your greatest gift/talent) Auxiliary Function:
Extraverted Feeling
(your supporting gift/talent) Foreseer/Developer. The theme is foresight.
Two words that best describe most INFJs are integrity and originality. Their dominant Introverted Intuition provides them with vision and creativity both of which they find great satisfaction using in the service of others. They are usually excellent listeners, patient and supportive. Extremely perceptive and empathetic, they are especially gifted at thinking up new and better ways to help people get their needs met, and are usually eager to provide whatever support is necessary. Typically gentle, and
soft-spoken, INFJs do not like to call attention to themselves, and often are
content to work behind the scenes. Thoughtful, caring, and sensitive,
INFJs will usually go the extra mile to maintain harmonious relationships.
But they can also be fiercely independent -- willing to subject themselves to
skepticism or criticism in order to make their vision, which is driven by their
strong values, a reality. They are so honest and earnest, they exude
integrity, which causes people to immediately trust and respect them. For
this reason, they often make inspiring leaders. Because INFJs' least
developed function is Extraverted
Sensing, they may fail to take into account realities that might prevent
their ideas or vision from working on a practical level. Preferring to
focus on the big picture, they sometimes miss essential details or choose to
ignore important facts that are not congruent with their ideas. Because
they believe so deeply in the correctness of their position, they can be
judgmental and dismissive of competing views. INFJ's
single-mindedness can become a liability if they are not flexible enough to
modify their plans once they have embarked on a course of action ....... much
like a person driving down a highway making great time but who, unfortunately,
turns out to be going in the wrong direction! INFJs' perfectionism can
also result in a tendency to be stubborn and unyielding. They usually find
sharing their vision with someone they trust helps them see the flaws and gain a
more realistic perspective. INFJs are decisive,
organized, and great planners. Combined with their single-mindedness and
sometimes fierce
determination, they are often extremely productive. They like to set
goals, and can work tirelessly to achieve them. But sometimes, in their
haste to come to a conclusion, they run the risk of missing out on experiencing
the process. And they can become so preoccupied with achieving the goal
that they lack the ability to act spontaneously. Since INFJs are run by their values and deeply held convictions, they tend to take things personally, and may have their feelings hurt when no hurt was intended. And, unfortunately, their sensitivity can cause them to become defensive and write off a person or an idea. They may need a gentle reminder from a friend not to take themselves so seriously that they lose the ability to enjoy some of life's lighter, yet most pleasurable, moments. How
to get along with INFJs
Tips
for INFJs
Hallmarks
of an INFJ
Introverted,
Intuitive, Thinking, Judging Estimated
to be between 1 and 2 percent of the American population Temperament:
Knowledge Seeker (NT) Dominant Function:
Introverted
Intuition (your greatest gift/talent) Auxiliary Function:
Extraverted
Thinking (your supporting gift/talent) Conceptualizer/ Director. Theme is strategizing, envisioning, and masterminding.
INTJs are global
thinkers with original minds. Their
dominant Introverted
Intuition enables them to clearly see connections, and to understand the
long-range implications of current actions and events. Ingenious and
innovative, INTJs have a unique talent for looking at almost anything and seeing
how it can be improved. This is true of the smallest product or service or
can involve envisioning how best to restructure and refine whole organizational
systems. But, by far, their favorite subject for improvement is themselves.
INTJs are on a constant quest to increase their knowledge and, by extension,
their overall competence. Creative and
imaginative, INTJs are both intellectually curious and daring, even as they may
be physically hesitant to try new things. Able to quickly grasp and
analyze complex issues, INTJs are excellent strategic problem solvers, with
highly developed critical thinking skills that allow them to perform incisive
analyses. Constantly seeking new intellectual challenges, they set very
high standards for themselves, and usually reach or exceed them. However, because their
least developed function is Extraverted
Sensing, INTJs sometimes have difficulty operating in the real world.
They tend to spend so much of their time and energy in the inner world of ideas
and perceptions that they may be completely unaware of, or unconcerned with, the
details of their physical surroundings. This can result in small
consequences -- such as bumping into the furniture or wearing mismatched socks
-- or large ones, such as failing to realistically assess the feasibility of a
project because they are unaware of the cost of necessary resources. And
sometimes, because they tend to be abstract and theoretical, they have trouble
communicating clearly with people who are not as technically oriented, or being
patient as they try to find common ground. And because INTJs are
most comfortable operating from an intellectual level, they are sometimes
unaware of the emotional reactions or states of others. They may act in
ways that are insensitive and neglectful of those close to them, and may need to
be reminded to take time to appreciate and actively nurture those relationships.
Perfectionists who set very high standards both for themselves and others, INTJs
can be condescending and/or patronizing to those who fail to live up to their
expectations, and parsimonious with their praise for those who do. Given their powers of
concentration, INTJs often prefer to work alone, or with a small group of
equally competent colleagues. They are especially reticent to take the
time and energy to explain themselves or their work to others they perceive to
be less competent. Because they are so private, they are very difficult to
get to know. They especially do not like to share their ideas or work
until they feel it is perfect. Hard workers capable of persevering against
great odds, INTJs have enviable focus and determination, and will not be
deterred from reaching their goals. Their single-mindedness may come with
a price, however, since it may result in their being stubborn and inflexible.
And INTJs may have particular difficulty making transitions from one project to
another. Usually, all it takes is an even more fascinating challenge to
recapture their attention. How
to get along with INTJs
Tips
for INTJs
Hallmarks
of an INTJ
Introverted,
Sensing, Thinking, Perceiving Estimated
to be between 4 and 7 percent of the American population Temperament:
Action Seeker (SP) Dominant Function:
Introverted
Thinking (your greatest gift/talent) Auxiliary Function:
Extraverted
Sensing (your supporting gift/talent) Analyzer/ Operator. Theme is action-driven problem solving.
Independent,
self-contained, and often aloof, ISTPs are the ultimate pragmatists. They
are supremely cool and objective about all things, even-tempered and
unflappable. In times of crisis or high anxiety, they are able to focus on
the demands of the moment and apply their dominant Introverted
Thinking to solving problems with skill and dispatch. They are at
their best responding to challenges that arise spontaneously, preferring to get
busy and skip a lot of discussion or preplanning. Once they "put out
the fire," they have little energy for the follow through and little need
to reap praise. Resourceful and
adaptable, ISTPs seem to possess an innate understanding of how anything works
-- from toasters to computers. They are especially effective when they
combine their keen powers of observation with their talent for logical analysis
to solve problems. But since people rarely act with the same logical
predictability that things do, ISTPs are generally less skilled or effective
dealing with interpersonal conflicts. The inherent inconsistency and
irrationality of human beings is both so confusing and frustrating to ISTPs that
they will frequently just walk away from a personal conflict rather than be left
feeling helpless and inept. Very private about personal matters, they
rarely share their innermost feelings or fears, even with people they know well
and trust. Realistic and extremely
practical, ISTPs are people of action and self-direction. They like to
work alone or alongside other skilled and capable people, figuring things out
for themselves without outside help or input. Although they seek fun and
action in both their work and personal lives, ISTPs really feel the most alive
when they are doing something independent, risky, or even dangerous. So
strong is the allure of the adrenaline rush that they often seek occupations
which place them in harm's way. And even those ISTPs whose jobs involve
great risk, such as firefighters, police officers, or pilots, often seek
additional thrills in their choice of recreational activities by racing cars,
riding motorcycles, or skiing expert slopes. Direct, honest, and down-to-earth, ISTPs tend to be literal and explicit and find pretentious
How
to get along with ISTPs
Tips
for ISTPs
Hallmarks
of an ISTP
Introverted,
Sensing, Feeling, Perceiving Estimated
to be between 5 and 7 percent of the American population Temperament:
Action Seeker (SP) Dominant Function:
Introverted Feeling
(your greatest gift/talent) Auxiliary Function:
Extraverted
Sensing (your supporting gift/talent) Composer/Producer. Theme is composing, using whatever is at hand to get a harmonious, aesthetic result.
Gentle, sensitive, and
compassionate, ISFPs are the most unassuming and down-to-earth of all types.
Typically people of few words, they demonstrate their commitment and loyalty to
their friends, families, and the few causes that are near to their hearts with
actions, rather than words. Modest and reserved, under the surface these
dominant Introverted
Feelers nevertheless feel all things personally. ISFPs are deeply
affected by the pain, unhappiness, or misfortune of others, but hide their
vulnerability behind a veneer of detachment, appearing cool and removed.
It can take a long time to really get to know an ISFP, for they are intensely
private people, and highly selective about whom they take into their confidence.
Only trusted friends are privy to their deepest thoughts and feelings. ISFPs are so sensitive,
they tend to take the worries of the world on their shoulders. Observant
and curious, they are quick to notice what other people need. Since they
want so much to help others, they can become overly involved. And because
their least developed function is Extraverted
Thinking, they often lose their objectivity in the process. Since they
tend to be unassertive, they don't readily speak up in their own defense, and
are sometimes taken advantage of by others who are less considerate and more
assertive. In their desire to maintain harmony and please others, they
also may be less than forthcoming about their true feelings of resentment,
holding on to their hurt feelings and resentment for longer than is healthy for
them. Some ISFPs are vulnerable to fast-talking, charismatic but
unscrupulous people because they are so inherently trusting. It never
occurs to them to look for anything but the best in others. Developing a
bit of healthy skepticism will protect them from being disappointed by others. Patient and flexible, ISFPs are especially tolerant and accepting of life. They rarely criticize the actions or beliefs of other people. They tend to follow the path of least resistance, accommodating and responding to change rather than trying to control or resist it. Focused and concerned with living life to the fullest in the present moment, they find beauty and joy in simple pleasures. Because they value an inner balance for themselves, they like to keep their lives as uncomplicated as possible, and rarely place a higher importance on their work than on their family or personal lives. And because they dislike preplanning, they sometimes find themselves taken by surprise by unpleasant situations that could have been avoided. Similarly, because they don't naturally or easily imagine what might be coming down the road, they may become pessimistic and discouraged when it looks as though they have no options. Along with their relaxed and easygoing style often comes great difficulty getting and staying organized. Trying to manage complicated or long-range projects can leave them feeling overwhelmed. They are usually much happier working quietly, behind the scenes, doing their best as part of a caring team. How
to get along with ISFPs
Tips
for ISFPs
Hallmarks
of an ISFP
Introverted,
Intuitive, Feeling, Perceiving Estimated
to be between 3 and 4 percent of the American population Temperament:
Ideal Seeker (NF) Dominant Function:
Introverted Feeling
(your greatest gift/talent) Auxiliary Function:
Extraverted
Intuition (your supporting gift/talent) Harmonizer/ Clarifier. Theme is advocacy and integrity.
INFPs are on a lifelong
quest for meaning and inner harmony. Their dominant function is Introverted
Feeling, so they are driven by their deeply felt personal values, and are
passionately committed to make sure their beliefs and actions are congruent.
Their need for authenticity and personal integrity is so strong, they simply
can't do something they don't believe in their heart is right. Sensitive
and caring, INFPs have great empathy for people, and can be extremely nurturing
and comforting to those they feel close to. However, because they are so
selective about what and whom they allow to enter their private world, they may
appear rather cool, aloof, and even uncaring to people who don't t know them
well. It can take a long time to really get to know an INFP. Because INFPs' least
developed function is Extraverted
Thinking, and because they feel things so deeply, they have difficulty
stepping back and considering things objectively. Since they take almost
everything personally, they frequently get their feelings hurt quite easily.
Even remarks that are not intended to be critical can cause them pain. And
comments or actions that unintentionally offend INFPs' values are often
experienced as a personal affront. Rather than confront the offender,
INFPs are more likely to keep their feelings to themselves, allowing the
resentment to fester. And they are often reluctant even to discuss the
matter later, so sometimes INFPs will simply drop people from their lives,
rather than make the effort to work it out. Ironically, because INFPs tend
to idealize relationships, they are often disappointed when someone does not
live up to their expectations. Creative and
imaginative, INFPs have a great curiosity about the world, and often have a
passionate and lifelong love of the arts. They especially appreciate new
and unusual forms of self-expression. Not bound by convention or
traditional ways of doing things, INFPs do not follow the pack, and, in fact,
often feel a little out of sync with the rest of the world. Open-minded,
and adaptable in small things, they are usually supportive and tolerant of
others with alternative lifestyles, as long as their behavior or customs don't
have a personal impact on INFPs, or cause them to compromise their values.
In those cases, the INFP can become rigid and unforgiving. INFPs' primary focus is inward, and many have highly developed and deeply meaningful spiritual components to their lives. Sometimes their preoccupation with self-awareness can keep them from noticing or participating in some of the more pedestrian activities of the outside world. While they naturally imagine possibilities and consider how things are related to one another, they don't tend to be especially realistic or practical. They may find the more mundane, day-to-day activities of life unfulfilling and may have to work hard to stay on top of them. INFPs often enjoy spending large periods of time alone, in quiet reflection, reading, or writing. They are happiest when they can totally immerse themselves in interesting and personally meaningful projects.
How
to get along with INFPs
Tips
for INFPs
Hallmarks
of an INFP
Introverted,
Intuitive, Thinking, Perceiving Estimated
to be between 3 and 4 percent of the American population Temperament:
Knowledge Seeker (NT) Dominant Function:
Introverted
Thinking (your greatest gift/talent) Auxiliary Function:
Extraverted
Intuition (your supporting gift/talent) Designer/ Theorizer. Theme is designing and configuring.
As dominant Introverted
Thinkers, INTPs are intensely logical, analytical people. They are at
their best turning concepts, ideas, and problems over in their minds. Like
the tumblers inside a lock rotating until they find the correct combination,
INTPs search for the perfect solution or approach. Detached, intellectual,
and complex people, INTPs are constantly on the lookout for increasingly
difficult creative challenges. Independent, skeptical,
and often brilliant, INTPs are innately self-assured people. They possess
an inner confidence that they can tackle any problem by logically working their
way through it. In a crisis, they are generally unflappable, remaining
amazingly calm and unperturbed, even when they are up against seemingly
insurmountable odds. They are fascinated with power and are rarely
intimidated by anyone or anything. But INTPs are also
easily bored with simple issues, and tend to pay little attention to mundane
facts or details. They are especially intolerant of redundancy, in thought
or discussion, and may simply ignore those things they see as trivial.
This tendency can also give them a rather arrogant attitude, especially when
they tune out people who may still be struggling to understand something the
INTP has already figured out. Since Extraverted
Feeling is their least developed function, they are less generally aware of,
and often out of touch with, the needs, and especially the feelings, of others.
So while they are usually patient with people who are genuinely eager and quick
to learn, they may be demanding and condescending with those who need more
hand-holding. Creative and often
ingenious, INTPs see possibilities where others do not. They have a global
perspective and are quick to find subtle connections between things and imagine
far-reaching implications. Intellectual risk takers, they are usually very
curious and eager to learn new things, in an effort to become more competent.
While they are especially capable at almost anything they deem worth the effort,
they are often not nearly as competent in the area of interpersonal
relationships, closing off those who love them from their most private reactions
and feelings. And often, they are not even aware of their own or others'
feelings about important issues. They do not understand that other people
need more reassurance than they do, since they view their commitments as
self-evident. Because INTPs often spend so much time in the world of ideas, they can become so complicated and removed that it is difficult for them to communicate simply and effectively with other people. And since they rarely focus their impressive powers of concentration on the details, they may miss important realities that could make their ideas more workable. INTPs absorb new information with incredible speed, and can synthesize it almost immediately. They are good at seeing flaws in ideas and generating innovative solutions. But because they are really energized by the creative process and working out the problems, they often have more energy for starting projects than they do for finishing them. Although they usually resist it, when they occasionally allow others to help them implement their vision, the results can be impressive.
How
to get along with INTPs
Tips
for INTPs
Hallmarks
of an INTP
Extraverted,
Sensing, Thinking, Perceiving Estimated
to be between 6 and 8 percent of the American population Temperament:
Action Seeker (SP) Dominant Function:
Extraverted
Sensing (your greatest gift/talent) Auxiliary Function:
Introverted
Thinking (your supporting gift/talent) Promoter/ Executor. Theme is promoting.
For ESTPs, life is full
of one fun-packed adventure after another. Active, curious, and playful,
these dominant Extraverted
Sensors notice everything around them and are active participants in every
aspect of their physical life. Responsive and adaptable, ESTPs act first,
rarely thinking through the consequences -- especially any long-term
implications of how their actions may affect other people. Realistic, yet
impulsive, they immediately seize upon any exciting opportunity that presents
itself. Superobservant, ESTPs are indiscriminate about the sensory
impressions they notice, as they constantly scan the environment and people
around them. They learn best when they are physically engaged in the
process, talking through what they are doing, and commenting on the many details
they see, feel, and hear. Full of energy, ESTPs
love all kinds of surprises, and willingly join in whatever is going on around
them, as long as it doesn't get too involved, complicated, or intense.
Because their least developed function is Introverted
Intuition, when conversations get too serious or discussions too
theoretical, or when things are overly planned, they grow bored and restless.
To try and lighten up the mood, they may act silly or treat issues with too much
superficiality. Most ESTPs love the outdoors and are avid sports fans.
Of all of the sixteen types, ESTPs are perhaps the most naturally athletic and
coordinated, learning physical skills and tricks almost effortlessly. They
typically have a host of interests and hobbies, which they are ready to plunge
into at a moment's notice. This is good because they often have trouble
sitting still or remaining inactive for any period of time. Happiest when they are
totally immersed at all times in the action of the moment, ESTPs are usually
good at immediate problem solving, bringing logic and objectivity to their
analysis. They are often quite pragmatic, and are poised to change
directions quickly if they think there is a better or more expedient approach.
As ESTPs age, most grow increasingly more conservative in their attitudes and
political leanings, but they usually maintain a "forever young"
attitude about themselves and their own lifestyles. Friendly, talkative, and energetic, ESTPs love to laugh and joke around, and are naturally flirtatious. Easygoing and casual, they tend to know a lot of people and are popular, since they are so much fun to be around. The life of the party, they are also often the first to try physical feats of daring or risk. They can sometimes give the erroneous impression that they are more emotionally invested in an idea or a relationship than they really are. And they may have to work hard to overcome their tendency to move on to greener pastures once things become too familiar or predictable. ESTPs are often so eager for the next physical thrill or experience, they sometimes neglect to follow through on the projects they've already started and can wind up disappointing or letting people down who are counting on them. When they put their minds to something, however, they are usually able to pull it off with skill and style, even if it is at the last moment!
How
to get along with ESTPs
Tips
for ESTPs
Hallmarks
of an ESTP
Extraverted,
Sensing, Feeling, Perceiving Estimated
to be between 8 and 10 percent of the American population Temperament:
Action Seeker (SP) Dominant Function:
Extraverted
Sensing (your greatest gift/talent) Auxiliary Function:
Introverted Feeling
(your supporting gift/talent) Motivator/ Presenter. Theme is performance.
ESFPs are natural
performers who delight in surprising and entertaining people. Warm,
outgoing, and friendly, they are usually vivacious and talkative. They
know a lot of people and, as long as the people are nice, they seem to like
everyone equally well. Animated and fun loving, ESFPs prefer to be at the
center of the action, surrounded by other easygoing, optimistic, and considerate
people, laughing, talking, or sharing a common interest or activity.
Enthusiastic and high spirited, social and spontaneous, ESFPs can find it hard
to settle down and finish their work because they are so easily distracted. Down-to-earth and
practical people, ESFPs are so focused on whatever they are doing at the moment,
they can sometimes be ambushed by their least developed function, Introverted
Intuition, since they do not naturally anticipate future events, or consider
the effect their current choices may have on the future. Due to their
dominant Extraverted
Sensing, ESFPs are realistic and literal, they appreciate the simple
pleasures of life and tend to notice beauty everywhere. ESFPs like to fill
their homes, offices, and cars with objects from nature or sensory delights like
soft fabrics, bright colors, and sweet smells. They take pride in their
appearance and often spend time and energy keeping themselves fit and
attractive. Their busy social lives and many active, physical interests
and hobbies fill every free moment, and they are often rushing breathlessly from
one experience to another. Since they live completely in the present
moment, and do not like to plan ahead, they may find themselves overextended.
And because they hate to miss out on anything, they leave so many options open
that they may have real trouble making decisions, or focusing on only one
project at a time. Often running late or forgetting appointments in the
flurry of their busy lives, ESFPs feel very guilty when they unintentionally let
people down. Generous and eager to
please, ESFPs are loyal friends and great companions. They are curious
people, who accept life as it is, and rarely come to things with preconceived
notions or agendas. Unpretentious and matter-of-fact, they also are very
sensitive to other people's feelings, and tend to take criticism and rejection
very personally. While they are generally open and expressive, they do
tend to keep their most private feelings to themselves, and are selective about
whom they share them with. Since they find conflict and tension between
people uncomfortable, they will rarely initiate a confrontation, and simply
avoid overbearing and insensitive people. Eager to help others, they are
most satisfied when they can make a tangible contribution, and are most
gratified to see and hear that their efforts have made a real difference to
someone in need. Sympathetic and compassionate, they may be disappointed by people when they refuse to see anything but the most positive attributes of others. They may even become overly involved in other people's problems and have a hard time breaking free of unhealthy relationships. Since they rarely apply objective analysis to their decision making, instead relying solely on their personal feelings and values, they run the risk of becoming confused or being taken advantage of. Finding a balance between deciding with the head or the heart can be a lifelong, but worthwhile, challenge for many ESFPs.
How
to get along with ESFPs
Tips
for ESFPs
Hallmarks
of an ESFP
Extraverted,
Intuitive, Feeling, Perceiving Estimated
to be between 6 and 7 percent of the American population Temperament:
Ideal Seeker (NF) Dominant Function:
Extraverted
Intuition (your greatest gift/talent) Auxiliary Function:
Introverted Feeling
(your supporting gift/talent)
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 |
Talents lie in grasping profound significance, revealing truths, and motivating others. |
|
Very perceptive of others' hidden motives and purposes. |
|
Interested in everything about individuals and their stories as long as they are genuine. |
|
Contagious enthusiasm for "causes" that further good and develop latent potential and the same zeal for disclosing dishonesty and inauthenticity. |
|
Frequently moved to
enthusiastically communicate their "message." |
ENFPs are driven by
possibilities. Because their dominant function is Extraverted
Intuition, they are compelled to see beyond the present or obvious and to
understand things, especially people. They have an almost insatiable
curiosity, which they usually apply to a wide spectrum of interests.
Enthusiastic, friendly, and energetic, ENFPs are generally fun-loving people,
even as they seek to find meaning in all they do.
Unconventional and
occasionally irreverent,
ENFPs
are seldom impressed by authority or rules. To the contrary! They pride
themselves on their uniqueness and originality, and are talented at solving
problems and overcoming obstacles, including finding creative ways to bend rules
they consider unnecessary. One of ENFPs' greatest gifts is their belief
that nothing is impossible! Brainstorming possibilities, and bouncing
ideas off other creative people, is one of their favorite pastimes.
Because ENFPs' least
developed function is Introverted
Sensing, they are often inattentive to details. They frequently are
searching for some lost object, and tasks like proofreading that require them to
focus all their attention on a single activity -- especially for long periods of
time -- can be extremely draining. While ENFPs are usually capable of
generating a torrent of new ideas, they can lack the realistic judgment to
determine if any of them are practical and workable. And because they are
driven by the idea, rather than by the reality, they can become easily bored and
neglect to follow through on details once a project has moved past the fun and
energizing inspiration stage.
ENFPs are usually
well-connected people, counting among their legion of friends and associates
people from many different walks of life. Because they hate to "close
doors," they tend to maintain friendships for many years. They are
enthusiastic and effective catalysts who derive great satisfaction from drawing
on their huge network to put people together for their mutual benefit.
Perceptive, insightful, and empathetic, they are often gifted at understanding
others' motivations. And they are usually good talkers, capable of
persuading people of the merits of their positions.
Because ENFPs enjoy
keeping their options open, and not being tied down, they may experience great
difficulty making decisions -- especially important ones, which can result in a
tendency toward procrastination. ENFPs generally don't work well alone,
and can be easily distracted and diverted from the task at hand (especially if
it is not something they are excited about). Because they are so
sensitive, they tend to take things personally and avoid situations that involve
interpersonal conflict. They may avoid confronting issues or people when
it would really be in their best interest to do so.
Warm, caring, and concerned, ENFPs have strong personal values upon which they base most decisions, especially important ones. They are deeply committed to their many friends, and are usually eager and willing to help a friend at a moment's notice. While usually cheerful, ENFPs can become withdrawn and moody when they become frightened or overwhelmed. In the throes of their gloomier side, their usual perceptiveness can become badly flawed, and they may misjudge others' intentions and motives and generally feel pessimistic and alone. Being reassured by those they care about usually helps restore their natural optimism.
How
to get along with ENFPs
|
|
Be prepared to discuss many topics
and answer a lot of questions. |
|
|
Don't overwhelm them with details, especially
those concerning projects or ideas they are not already heavily invested
in. |
|
|
Challenge their creativity. ENFPs love
nothing better than seeing possibilities and generating unique, helpful
solutions. |
|
|
Present them with lots of options. If at
all possible, don't limit their choices or restrict their ability to come
up with alternatives. Never point out why their ideas won't work. |
|
|
Appeal to their enormous sense of the possible,
especially with regard to getting what they want or helping others achieve
something that is important to them. |
|
|
Respect their personal privacy. Don't ask
them to share their feelings publicly. While they like to be
appreciated for their contributions, they are often embarrassed when
praised publicly. |
|
|
Keep presentations interesting and the pace
moving. The more you involve them, the more invested they will
become. Make chores and required tasks fun. |
|
|
Don't be too formal or structured, or overwhelm
them with too many rules or procedures. If at all possible,
encourage (or at least tolerate) their desire to act spontaneously. |
Tips
for ENFPs
|
|
Avoid squandering your energy by going in too
many directions. Be clear about what you want to devote your time
and energy to. |
|
|
Know and accept your limitations. Avoid the
tendency of over- committing yourself and then feeling stressed and
fragmented. |
|
|
Once you decide on a course of action don't give
up on it for some new idea or Option that comes along. Persevere
through the duller routines of life. |
|
|
Don't let impromptu socializing or other
distractions take you away from less exciting but nonetheless important
tasks. |
|
|
Take your time settling doom. Wait until
you're older to make final relationship and career choices. |
|
|
Make commitments that are realistic. |
|
|
Practice breaking large projects into component
parts and take all the necessary steps to make them happen. |
|
|
When starting a project, pay attention to what
will actually be required. Factor in the details and facts in order
to estimate how long an activity will take. Leave extra time,
"just in case." |
|
|
Consider working for yourself since you can be
individualistic and rebellious. |
|
|
Avoid rushing into new relationships. Take
your time getting to know people. |
|
|
Consider how others will be affected by what you
say before you blurt out your feelings. |
|
|
Avoid offering "helpful" insights when
not asked. Check to see if others want your advice and opinions. |
Hallmarks
of an ENFP
|
Sociable |
Talkative |
Creative |
Adaptable |
|
Optimistic |
Expressive |
Friendly |
Enthusiastic |
|
Individualistic |
Spontaneous |
Curious |
Perceptive |
|
Energetic |
Enthusiastic |
Playful |
Romantic |
|
Imaginative |
Versatile |
Outgoing |
Restless |
Extraverted,
Intuitive, Thinking, Perceiving
Estimated
to be between 4 and 6 percent of the American population
Temperament:
Knowledge Seeker (NT)
Dominant Function:
Extraverted
Intuition (your greatest gift/talent)
Auxiliary Function:
Introverted
Thinking (your supporting gift/talent)
|
Find ingenious solutions to people and technical problems. |
|
Talents lie in developing ideas into functional and innovative applications that are the first of their kind. |
|
Thrive on finding new ways to use theories to make systems more efficient and people better off. |
|
Hunger for new projects. |
|
Have faith in their ability to instantly come up with new approaches that will work. |
|
Engineers of human relationships and systems as well as in the more
scientific and technological domains. |
ENTPs usually make a
great impression, and often have a natural gift for getting people excited about
their ideas. Charming, outgoing, and friendly, they are extremely
perceptive and skillful at communicating with all kinds of people. As
dominant Extraverted
Intuitives, they possess the ability to see the big picture and anticipate
trends, a willingness to take reasonable risks, and enormous confidence.
Their enthusiasm is so infectious, and their negotiating skills so accomplished,
they are often able to persuade others to join them in their always innovative,
and often successful, ventures.
But ENTPs can sabotage
their best inspirations by neglecting their least developed function, which is Introverted
Sensing. Many of their best ideas never come to fruition because they
do not pay close attention to important details, grow bored after the initial,
creative phase of the project has been completed, or tend to ignore the
important follow-through on the many commitments they make. For many
ENTPs, it is definitely the thrill of the chase, rather than having obtained the
prize, that is most exciting, energizing, and satisfying.
Although
they are Thinkers, ENTPs like to please people and have a strong need to be
liked. Comfortable occupying center stage, they enjoy demonstrating their
cleverness and sophisticated language skills -- which usually include an
impressive vocabulary and penchant for puns. Eager to entertain their many
friends and acquaintances, they are often funny, witty, and engaging
storytellers. ENTPs are also superb negotiators who know how to use their
strategic thinking skills to get what they want. Despite their outward
charm and facility with people, they are ultimately pragmatic decision makers,
capable of analyzing situations objectively, weighing the pros and cons
dispassionately, and making decisions that are politically expedient.
But because they are so personable, engaging, and apparently sincere, ENTPs may disappoint or even alienate their friends and supporters when they fail to follow through on their commitments or when they talk a better game than they actually play. People find this behavior inconsistent, confusing, and misleading, and can come to mistrust the ENTP.
ENTPs are very flexible and adaptable, and able to turn on a dime and go in the opposite direction if the situation calls for it. Neither particularly liberal or conservative by nature, ENTPs are aware of the rules of the game, and masters at bending them to suit their purposes. Curious and open-minded, they are extremely process oriented, preferring to continue collecting data and keeping their options open as long as possible. But because they so dislike closing off options, many ENTPs have difficulty making decisions or sticking with choices already made. For ENTPs who have this problem, there can be some serious consequences. They run the risk of becoming chronic procrastinators, squandering their inspiration, and never reaching their true potential. And they may develop a reputation for being indecisive and untrustworthy. Fortunately, most ENTPs who have these tendencies are smart enough to recognize their destructive potential, learn from their mistakes, and change their behavior. And, usually, when they focus even a bit of their considerable talents, they reap great rewards.
How
to get along with ENTPs
|
|
Be prepared to talk about your
idea and especially to answer a myriad of questions that may occur to the
ENTP spontaneously. |
|
|
Emphasize the way your idea/proposal/suggestion
is new and different. The more innovative, the more appealing it
will be to the ENTP. |
|
|
Don't overwhelm them with details. It's the
big picture that is important to them. They have innate confidence
that if the idea is good, the bugs can be worked out later. |
|
|
Be flexible and solicit their suggestions.
They will likely see ways of improving the idea and may want to put their
own thumbprint on it as well. Be prepared for the possibility they
will want to share any credit derived from the project's success. |
|
|
If feasible, always present them with several
different options to consider, rather than just one. |
|
|
Don't force them to make decisions before they
are ready. However, you may well have to nudge them into ultimately
making a decision, and lobby convincingly for letting some decisions stand
once made, since their natural inclination might be to revisit it
repeatedly as new information becomes available. |
Tips
for ENTPs
|
|
Avoid squandering your energies on too many
projects. Try to pick those that have the most potential value and
focus on them. |
|
|
Estimate the time you think a project will take,
and whatever that is, double it. |
|
|
Try to ally yourself with someone who enjoys the
follow-through phase of a project. |
|
|
When presenting an idea, prepare in advance
rather than just relying on improvisation. This can help you gain
more support for your projects. |
|
|
Remember that your endless ideas can be tiring to
others. Keep some of them to yourself. |
|
|
Learn to work within the system or arrange things
to become self-employed so you can thrive on the autonomy you crave. |
|
|
Avoid overextending yourself, partying too much,
or overindulging to the point of saturation. Make time for
activities that can help release stress and excess energy wisely. |
|
|
Remember that arguing, debating, and matching
wits can be fun for some people, but it will wear others out. |
|
|
Avoid interrupting others and learn the benefits
of listening. |
|
|
Be accountable. Take deadlines seriously.
Respect others' time and need for planning. |
|
|
Slow down and pay attention to the simple facts
and joys of everyday life all around you. Create times when there's
nothing you have to do. |
|
|
Learn to accept your emotional pain and negative
feelings. They are natural parts of life. |
Hallmarks
of an ENTP
|
Ingenious |
Enthusiastic |
Competent |
Adaptable |
|
Innovative |
Resourceful |
Conceptual |
Curious |
|
Enterprising |
Independent |
Outspoken |
Strategic |
|
Creative |
Challenging |
Analytical |
Clever |
|
Questioning |
Theoretical |
Outgoing |
Multi-talented |
Extraverted,
Sensing, Thinking, Judging
Estimated
to be between 12 and 15 percent of the American population
Temperament:
Duty Seeker (SJ)
Dominant Function:
Extraverted
Thinking (your greatest gift/talent)
Auxiliary Function:
Introverted
Sensing (your supporting gift/talent)
|
Responsible, hardworking, and efficient. |
|
Interested in ensuring that standards are met, resources conserved, and consequences delivered. |
|
Talents lie in bringing order, structure, and completion. |
|
Want to keep order so the organization, group, family, or culture will be preserved. |
|
Thrive on organizing and
following through with commitments and teaching others how to be successful. |
ESTJs are the
consummate project managers. Regardless of the nature of the task to be
accomplished or whether they do it as part of their job or for fun, these
dominant Extraverted
Thinkers are most talented at realistically sizing up a situation, setting
goals, determining available resources, and organizing and supervising the
personnel to make sure the job gets done correctly, always in the most efficient
manner. Logical and analytical, ESTJs are natural leaders and quick
decision makers. Their serious, no-nonsense approach to life inspires
confidence and trust from the people they work and live with. Respected
for their objectivity and fairness, ESTJs live by a code that includes working
hard and behaving honorably and ethically. They are seldom accused of playing
favorites or acting capriciously. Thoroughly committed to the
organizations they belong to, they are willing to take on difficult assignments
and make the tough decisions for the good of the organization.
Because ESTJs' least
developed function is Introverted
Feeling, they may inadvertently act insensitively at times. But when
they do, it is because they are not very tuned in to the emotional side of
people, and, consequently, they may not consider how people feel about an issue
particularly relevant to the decision-making process. Although they are
often outgoing and friendly, ESTJs are highly competitive, have a
strong need to be in
control, and are also strong willed and very verbal. Therefore, by the
sheer power of their personality, they may easily intimidate less assertive
people.
Often drawn to work
environments that are highly structured, ESTJs are most comfortable when
everyone knows the ground rules, and where there are established operating
procedures and clear expectations. They are loyal team players who are more
interested in maintaining than challenging the status quo. They respect
authority and expect others to do the same. Practical and realistic, ESTJs
consider it important to be accurate with facts and to pay close attention to
details. ESTJs are particularly good at maintaining existing systems and
using resources wisely.
Traditional and often
conservative, ESTJs have little interest in or enthusiasm for experimental,
creative, or new approaches. Instead, they prefer to stick with familiar
and tested ways of doing things. Nor do they adapt well or easily to
change. As a result, they can be forceful and effective opponents,
constantly challenging the necessity of change. They are rarely convinced
by anything other than hard facts and logical reasoning.
Because they are so focused on the present, they may fail to appreciate how current actions may affect the future. And they are not particularly good at anticipating future needs or forecasting future trends. Because they tend to make quick decisions, they sometimes rush to judgment before they have carefully and thoroughly considered all their options. And once they have made up their minds, they are difficult to convince otherwise. When they slow down and take the extra time to listen patiently to suggestions, they may find the added perspective helps them make better choices, for themselves and others.
How
to get along with ESTJs
|
|
Be assertive; you may have to push to get your
point across. Don't worry about hurting their feelings; ESTJs take
few things personally. They'll respect you more if you don't back
down from you position. |
|
|
Try not to be put off by their frankness or even
bluntness -- they probably do not mean what they say personally, so try
not to take it that way. |
|
|
Don't expect to score points with personal
appeals. Be objective and base your argument or reasoning on the
realistic, logical consequences of the action, rather than on its personal
importance to you or others. |
|
|
Appeal to their sense of fairness and justice.
Don't make frequent exceptions to the rule. |
|
|
Be prepared to discuss your ideas when you
present them. They are action-oriented people and don't like taking
too much time for reflection. |
|
|
Appeal to their need to get the job done. |
|
|
Come directly to your point or request. Be
explicit, organized, and honest. Try numbering your points for
clarity. Do not try to skirt around issues. |
Tips
for ESTJs
|
|
Listen to the other person's point
of view. |
|
|
Work at negotiating solutions that are win-win. |
|
|
Value and acknowledge the efforts of others. |
|
|
Make it a rule to mention what is well done, not
merely what needs correcting. |
|
|
Surround yourself with people who respect your
direct approach and are not intimidated by you. |
|
|
Beware of driving others as hard as you drive
yourself. |
|
|
Set realistic limits for yourself and others and
learn what "good enough" means. |
|
|
Refrain from telling others what they should and
shouldn't do. Do not assume that you know what's best. |
|
|
Expand your sense of self to include more than
what you do or produce. |
|
|
Become aware of your hurt and fear, not just your
anger. |
|
|
Learn ways to control your temper and to restrain
yourself when you are about to react impatiently. Leave the room or
the house until you cool down. |
|
|
Learn to let go of control and to relax.
Take a vacation and leave all your work at home. |
Hallmarks
of an ESTJ
|
Logical |
Decisive |
Systematic |
Objective |
|
Efficient |
Direct |
Practical |
Organized |
|
Action-oriented |
Responsible |
Structured |
Conscientious |
|
Realistic |
Dependable |
Consistent |
Hard
Working |
|
Self-motivated |
Self-disciplined |
Managerial |
Orderly |
Extraverted,
Sensing, Feeling, Judging
Estimated
to be between 11 and 14 percent of the American population
Temperament:
Duty Seeker (SJ)
Dominant Function:
Extraverted Feeling
(your greatest gift/talent)
Auxiliary Function:
Introverted
Sensing (your supporting gift/talent)
|
Talents lie in supporting others and supplying them with what they need. |
|
Genuinely concerned about the welfare of others, making sure they are comfortable and involved. |
|
Use their sociability to nurture established institutions. |
|
Warm, considerate, thoughtful, friendly. |
|
Want to please and maintain harmonious relationships. |
|
Thrive on helping others and bringing people together. |
The saying "A
friend in need is a friend indeed" could well have been inspired by an
ESFJ, because ESFJs are often the first to volunteer their assistance.
Friendly, outgoing, and sympathetic, these dominant Extraverted
Feelers are extremely sensitive, have a very strong need to please and an
equally strong need to be liked and appreciated by others. Generous and
loyal, ESFJs tend to be very traditional people who value their family and
friends above all else. They give freely of themselves, often committing
large amounts of time to work in programs sponsored by charity, community, or
religious organizations that serve their communities. Conscientious and
hardworking, ESFJs usually have a well-defined code of behavior -- based upon
the value system to which they subscribe -- and wish others would as well.
But sometimes it is not enough for them to be good people; they often feel
compelled to try and instill their values in others.
Because ESFJs' least
developed function is Introverted
Thinking, they are often unable to evaluate situations fairly and
objectively. ESFJs are so sensitive, and take things so personally, they
rarely see the logic in an argument or reason, and they may not consider
objectivity a particularly admirable quality. They tend to personalize
everything and have such a relatively thin skin that they are prone to having
their feelings hurt easily and often. ESFJs who feel they have been
wronged, especially if something they value has been maligned, may take drastic
actions, such as ending the relationship with the person who offended them --
even if it has been a longstanding friendship. But, more often, ESFJs
get into trouble by becoming overly involved and assuming too much
responsibility for the feelings of others. In their effort to be good
friends, they sometimes run the risk of actually making themselves sick by
overburdening themselves with others' problems.
ESFJs are
down-to-earth, realistic, and practical people. To many of them, life is a
serious business. Therefore, responsibilities and obligations come before
relaxation and fun. Although they are not humorless, they may have a hard
time taking a joke or being teased -- especially if it is about them or
something they care deeply about. Many ESFJs especially enjoy their
physical possessions, are conscientious about maintaining them, and are very
careful to keep their things neat and tidy. In their spare time, many
ESFJs like to engage in physical activities -- walking, biking, or playing
sports. They also often enjoy working with their hands and doing crafts.
Usually very organized and productive, ESFJs are most comfortable following a familiar routine. And they often have difficulty shifting gears and doing things in new or different ways. This can apply equally to little things like taking an unfamiliar road on a car trip, and to big things like changing jobs or moving to a new town. In either case, they do not happily embrace change. ESFJs also tend to see the world in absolute terms; things are either good or bad, right or wrong. Fortunately, most ESFJs have plenty of balance to avoid this temptation, for if they don't, they run the risk of becoming opinionated and judgmental.
How
to get along with ESFJs
|
|
Respect their feelings! Don't try to talk
them out of feeling a certain way, even if you don't share their view.
Never accuse them of being irrational. |
|
|
Always mention points of agreement before
offering criticism. ESFJs tend to take things personally and are
less likely to be able to hear you clearly if they are offended. |
|
|
Be aware they are run by their values; be careful
not to propose an idea or course of action or behave in a way that may
offend their personal value system. |
|
|
Genuinely and explicitly express to them your
appreciation when they do something that helps or benefits you; let them
know they are valued for their contributions and cooperation. |
|
|
Most ESFJs enjoy talking; be prepared to listen
and to contribute. |
|
|
Be clear and precise. Outline steps in an
accurate sequence. |
|
|
Try to adhere to agreed-upon plans. If they
must be changed, appeal to the ESFJs strong desire to help and please
others. |
Tips
for ESFJs
|
|
Try not to avoid conflict by
becoming accommodating or ingratiating, or by sweeping problems under the
rug. |
|
|
Focus on what you want to do rather than on what
you should do. Being selfish is not always a sin. |
|
|
Avoid the tendency to jump in and try to fix a
situation as fast as possible. Conflict and difficulties are not
necessarily bad -- they can help everyone grow and change. |
|
|
Slow down your pace. Free up time for
reflection and for the activities that might ground and focus you, such as
crafts, needlework, or woodwork. |
|
|
Notice the difference between your real feelings
and the ones you put on because they seem like appropriate ones to have. |
|
|
Be brief and businesslike when it is called for. |
|
|
Avoid any occupation where your friendly, happy,
outgoing nature will not be appreciated. |
|
|
Ask others if they want your help or advice
before offering it. |
|
|
Avoid being manipulative in order to get what you
want. Learn to be more direct. It's okay to ask for what you need. |
|
|
Avoid blaming and guilt-tripping others when your
expectations are not met or when you feel taken for granted. |
|
|
Learn to trust yourself rather than always
seeking answers from outside authorities. |
Hallmarks
of an ESFJ
|
Conscientious |
Responsible |
Talkative |
Nurturing |
|
Friendly |
Loyal |
Sympathetic |
Persevering |
|
Sociable |
Personable |
Cooperative |
Tactful |
|
Thorough |
Responsive |
Sympathetic |
Traditional |
|
Outgoing |
Congenial |
Warmhearted |
Organized |
Extraverted,
Intuitive, Feeling, Judging
Estimated
to be between 3 and 5 percent of the American population
Temperament:
Ideal Seeker (NF)
Dominant Function:
Extraverted Feeling
(your greatest gift/talent)
Auxiliary Function:
Introverted
Intuition (your supporting gift/talent)
|
Lead people to achieve their potential and become more of who they are. |
|
Talents lie in empathizing with profound interpersonal insight and in influencing others to learn, grow, and develop. |
|
Lead using their exceptional communication skills, enthusiasm, and warmth to gain cooperation toward meeting the ideals they hold for the individual or the organization. |
|
Catalysts who draw out the best in others. |
|
Thrive on empathic connections. |
|
Frequently called on to help others with personal problems. |
To ENFJs, maintaining
harmony in relationships is a lifelong goal as well as a natural, accomplished
skill. Their dominant Extraverted
Feeling enables them to understand people's feelings and drives them to try
to make them happy. Warm, compassionate, and friendly, ENFJs are so tuned
in to others that they
can
often anticipate their needs -- especially emotional ones. And they are
excellent at helping people solve personal problems in creative ways.
Articulate, vivacious,
and enthusiastic, ENFJs are often excellent public speakers who possess an
innate sense of what their audience wants. Blessed with a rare gift for
making personal connections, ENFJs are skillful communicators, both one-on-one
and with groups. They are tactful and diplomatic, and pride themselves on
being able to make people feel good. They go to great lengths to avoid
offending others or hurting their feelings.
Because ENFJs' least
developed function is Introverted
Thinking, they often suffer a serious lack of objectivity. They may be
overly sensitive and take things personally that were not intended to be taken
that way. They may also experience difficulty making decisions that are
logical, because they find it hard to know whether a particular behavior or
action is fair, or to trust themselves to make a just and impartial ruling.
In an effort to please and impress others, they often take on more than they can
comfortably manage, and sometimes end up feeling overwhelmed and unappreciated.
Because ENFJs are prone to idealize relationships, they can be deeply disappointed when people they believe in let them down. And because it is often more important for them to satisfy others' needs than their own, they run the risk of trading off honesty for harmony.
Most ENFJs are highly
productive and organized people who run on high energy. Any social
interaction further increases the energy level of these engaging
conversationalists. They are often capable of juggling several thoughts
and/or projects at the same time, giving each the necessary attention that it
deserves. And they are happiest when
they
have a plan and can work cooperatively with others to realize their goals.
They are most satisfied when they are helping others find ways to reach their
full potential. Aware of and concerned with global issues, ENFJs usually
have strong, value-based opinions that they generally feel free to share.
But sometimes ENFJs are in such a hurry to make a decision or complete a task that they can foreclose options prematurely. As a result, they can fail to consider important information, as well as miss experiencing the process as fully as they might. In their desire to get the job done as quickly as possible, and according to the way they feel it should be done, ENFJs can become inflexible and incapable of adapting or acting spontaneously, even when the situation calls for it. Once reassured about their worth and the value of their unique contribution, they can usually take a step back and regain their sense of balance.
How
to get along with ENFJs
|
|
Let them know verbally how much you
appreciate them and their contributions. With ENFJs, words often
speak louder than actions. |
|
|
If you need to offer criticism, make sure to
point out any areas of agreement first. Alert them to incoming
criticism and ask them to receive it in the spirit in which it is given. |
|
|
Never discount, dismiss, or make light of their
personal feelings about an issue, even if you don't feel there is a
rational or logical basis for them to feel that way. Never try to
talk them out of how they feel. Listen, rather than try to fix their
problem. |
|
|
Avoid confrontation whenever possible. Try
to cooperate and find middle ground. |
|
|
Make sure to follow through on commitments you
make to them. Don't change plans unless it is absolutely necessary.
And if it is, give them plenty of time to adjust to the changes and to
shift gears. |
|
|
When pitching an idea or proposal, make sure you
have fully considered how the action will affect others, and emphasize all
positive aspects. |
|
|
Use their first name and maintain eye contact.
Be patient with their sometimes long and tangential story-telling style. |
Tips
for ENFJs
|
|
Stop trying to do it all. Some things can
wait and others don't need to happen at all. |
|
|
Try to reduce stress by appreciating and
acknowledging your present level of success and achievement. |
|
|
Learn to relax. |
|
|
Pay attention to which activities and projects
are most satisfying to you, and then try to focus on those. |
|
|
Beware of idealizing people and being overly
loyal. |
|
|
Try to be less dependent on external affirmation
and learn what you value instead of what others value. |
|
|
Learn to face conflicts. Although you have
a strong need for harmony, don't avoid dealing with difficulty. |
|
|
Look out for excessive responsiveness to other
people's needs and demands. Realize that you can't be everything to
everyone. |
|
|
Learn to ask for the same support that you give
to others. |
|
|
Be watchful of your tendency for smooth talk and
flattery. It can sound phony and be smothering if overdone or
misunderstood. |
|
|
Learn to take advice, not just give it. |
|
|
Avoid coming to decisions prematurely.
Consider more than one option before acting. |
|
|
Become aware of the difference between your real
feelings and the feelings you put on because they seem more appropriate. |
Hallmarks
of an ENFJ
|
Loyal |
Idealistic |
Personable |
Talkative |
|
Responsible |
Expressive |
Diplomatic |
Enthusiastic |
|
Concerned |
Supportive |
Cooperative |
Congenial |
|
Energetic |
Compassionate |
Outgoing |
Caring |
|
Sensitive |
Romantic |
Empathetic |
Insightful |
Extraverted,
Intuitive, Thinking, Judging
Estimated
to be between 3 and 5 percent of the American population
Temperament:
Knowledge Seeker (NT)
Dominant Function:
Extraverted
Thinking (your greatest gift/talent)
Auxiliary Function:
Introverted
Intuition (your supporting gift/talent)
|
Talents lie in developing policy, establishing plans, coordinating and sequencing events, and implementing strategy. |
|
Excel at directing others in reaching the goals dictated by their strong vision of the organization. |
|
Thrive on marshaling forces to get plans into action. |
|
Natural organization builders and almost always find themselves taking charge in ineffective situations. |
|
They
enjoy creating efficiently structured systems and setting priorities to achieve
goals. |
ENTJs are natural
leaders, whose competence and strength inspires confidence and respect in
others. Their dominant Extraverted
Thinking enables them to analyze problems logically and objectively,
weighing the pros and cons of an issue, and then make efficient, sensible, and
often tough decisions. ENTJs value honesty and directness; they get right
to the point and don't beat around the bush.
However, because their least developed function is Introverted Feeling, ENTJs can be unaware of the impact their actions have on others. In fact, many ENTJs are rather removed from the world of emotions, so they may behave in ways that are insensitive to the needs or feelings of other people. While this is not intentional, they can be brusque, critical, and appear arrogant when they become impatient with people who may not grasp an issue as quickly as they do, or who take an opposing position. ENTJs also have the propensity to be overbearing and bossy, and may intimidate others into supporting their positions. And because they are often in a hurry to get things done and move ahead, they may fail to acknowledge or express their appreciation when others have helped them or done a good job.
Talented strategic
planners, ENTJs are capable of both seeing the big picture and anticipating how
current actions may affect future decisions. Creative and often
innovative, ENTJs have great courage when it comes to making bold, sweeping
changes, especially with respect to complex problems or issues. Not easily
intimidated, they engender confidence in others and often have a commanding and
even awe-inspiring presence. Great lovers of learning, ENTJs are always
looking for ways to improve themselves and increase their expertise and power.
Typically friendly,
outgoing, and energetic, ENTJs like to be where the action is, and are good at
juggling several projects at the same time. They are often very
articulate, think quickly on their feet, and can make very effective public
speakers. ENTJs are usually not the least bit shy about sharing their
ideas or expressing their strong opinions -- which may pertain to any number of
subjects. But because they are so eager to get one project completed and
move on to the next, ENTJs may not spend enough time reflecting and thoughtfully
considering the immediate and practical consequences of their actions. And
they may be surprised to learn that their good ideas are not as enthusiastically
accepted as they expected them to be.
ENTJs are often very career driven. Organized and productive, they like to work hard and eagerly take on difficult challenges -- often the more complex the better. And as a result of their competence and resourcefulness, they are usually able to accomplish or even exceed their goals. But sometimes, once they have embarked upon a course of action, they may be unwilling or unable to modify their plans and pursue a new direction, even if such action is warranted. ENTJs sometimes have difficulty striking a healthy balance between their work and home life, becoming so preoccupied with furthering their careers that they sacrifice their family and personal life in the process. Not surprisingly, reevaluating their priorities in midlife is an activity many ENTJs find worthwhile.
How
to get along with ENTJs
|
|
Get to the point; don't beat
around the bush and waste their time; be conscientious about meeting
deadlines and delivering on your promises. |
|
|
Do your homework! Be prepared to defend you
position; expect them to challenge you and to play the devil's advocate. |
|
|
Prepare yourself to be assertive; don't worry
about hurting their feelings, and don't let them intimidate you, which
they may unintentionally do. |
|
|
Keep in mind how your proposal or idea fits into
the big picture and their own and/or their organization's long-range plans
and objectives. |
|
|
Don't be afraid to offer bold and innovative
approaches, as long as they are well thought out and logical. |
|
|
Sell yourself as someone who is competent on your
own but also capable of being a team player. ENTJs respect people
who are self-sufficient and need little direct assistance. |
|
|
Tell them immediately if they hurt your feelings
or offend you. But be sure to tell them precisely what they did that
bothered you, and do it honestly and calmly. |
Tips
for ENTJs
|
|
Avoid driving others as hard as you drive
yourself. Discover how much is "good enough" and learn to
recognize when you need to let things be. |
|
|
Schedule time every day for rest and relaxation.
Practice meditation or stress reduction techniques. |
|
|
Try to anticipate your loved ones' most important
needs and ask others what you can do for them. |
|
|
Leave your need to control on the doorstep when
you come home to your family. |
|
|
Beware of misinterpreting criticism as an attempt
to control you. Be especially careful when you think someone is
challenging your competency. Find out what the person means before
reacting. |
|
|
Be aware of your effect on others. Avoid
appearing overly confident or aggressive and control your temper.
Remember that what you see as hearty exchanges and debates may not be
perceived that way by others. |
|
|
Consider the commonsense advice and input of
others instead of charging ahead on your own. Take time to reflect,
to discover new insights or information, and to look at things from
different perspectives before making decisions. |
|
|
Enjoy the moment for what it is, not for what you
can make of it or how you can structure it. |
|
|
Remember that everyone is here with different
gifts to give. Learn to offer encouragement and to validate and
appreciate other people's contributions. |
|
|
Learn to compromise and to give in once in a
while. Work at negotiating solutions that provide some of what
everyone needs.
|
Hallmarks
of an ENTJ
|
Innovative |
Visionary |
Organized |
Leadership
Ability |
|
Efficient |
Assertive |
Objective |
Resourceful |
|
Confident |
Inquisitive |
Planning
Ability |
Straightforward |
|
Logical |
Decisive |
Tough
But Fair |
Strategic |
|
Critical |
Controlled |
Challenging |
Theoretical |
How Can the Myers-Briggs System Help Me?
Understanding your Myers-Briggs temperament and type can help you in many ways. First of all, knowing your temperament and type can help you understand what your core needs, values and natural gifts are in life and, just as importantly, those of other people. We are always in relationship with people. Knowing other people's types can help you to accept and forgive them when you perceive they have wronged you in some way. So many conflicts could be avoided if we just understood ourselves and each other better.
Another way the Myers-Briggs system can help you is by offering a way to develop more balance in your personality. As you begin to use your dominant and auxiliary functions effectively, you will naturally start to develop your less preferred functions as a way to bring more balance to your personality and be able to manage your life better. What I find fascinating about the Myers-Briggs system is that one Myers-Briggs type's greatest gift/talent/strength is the opposite type's greatest weakness/challenge/debilitation. Nobody is born with a perfectly well rounded personality. For example, I am an INFJ so the type opposite me is ESTP (notice all the letters are opposite too). My most preferred functions are Introverted Intuition and Extraverted Feeling. The ESTP's least preferred functions are Introverted Intuition and Extraverted Feeling. My least preferred functions are Extraverted Sensing and Introverted Thinking. The ESTP's most preferred functions are Extraverted Sensing and Introverted Thinking. The way I innately see the world is totally foreign to an ESTP and the way an ESTP sees the world innately is totally foreign to me. It is as if we are living in two different worlds -- and for all practical purposes we are! What a great gift we have to offer each other for balancing out our personalities!
If you are one of the Myers-Briggs types that is under-represented in the population, knowing your Myers-Briggs type can help raise your self-esteem. Why are there more of some types than others? I don't believe there are any mistakes in this universe so this suggests to me that there is simply a greater need -- not value -- in the world for some types over others. Now I am happy that I have been created as an INFJ (1 to 2 % of the American population) although before learning the Myers-Briggs system I was not always able to see the value in my innate gifts because I don't think like most other people.
Knowing your type can also offer you guidance for career and relationship satisfaction as the following sections will demonstrate.
Myers-Briggs Types In Relationships
|
Index of Myers-Briggs Types (click on a type) |
|||
| ISTJ | ISFJ | INFJ | INTJ |
| ISTP | ISFP | INFP | INTP |
| ESTP | ESFP | ENFP | ENTP |
| ESTJ | ESFJ | ENFJ | ENTJ |
Check Back Soon!
Relationship Compatibility Between The Types
There are 16 different Myers-Briggs types so there are 136 different type combinations. I can't possibly compare all of these different types here but I want to give you the title of a book that has already done it! The name of the incredibly well researched book is, "Just Your Type" by Paul D. Tieger and Barbara Barron-Tieger (ISBN # 0-316-84569-8). They also have a website which is: PersonalityType.com. The book talks about the joys and frustrations of every type combination. It also offers advice on how to "reach" your partner.
Another excellent book that describes the interaction between type combinations is called, "Intimacy and Type" by Jane Hardy Jones and Ruth G. Sherman (ISBN # 0-935652-23-X). However, this book compares each and every type by their cognitive processes (of which there are 8) as opposed to comparing all the different Myers-Briggs types (of which there are 16).
Other great books about Myers-Briggs types and love are "LoveTypes" by Alexander Avila (ISBN # 0-380-80014-4) and "16 Ways to Love Your Lover" by Otto Kroeger and Janet M. Thuesen (ISBN # 0-440-50666-2). Please keep in mind that Myers-Briggs compatibility is just one factor among many for compatibility. I have come to know that the healthiness, happiness and awakened consciousness of a person are the greatest determinants of potential compatibility.
Career Satisfaction For Each Type
Go to my Right Livelihood section under Careers Appealing to Each Myers-Briggs Type.
"It is not the purpose of a psychological typology to classify human beings into categories; this in itself would be pretty pointless. Its purpose is rather to provide a critical psychology which will make a methodological investigation and presentation of the empirical material possible." - (CG Jung, Psychological Types, 1976, p.554).
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Questions? Comments? Suggestions? My e-mail address is: grussrowe@cox.net This page was last updated on 05/29/05.
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